S4 - summary chapter 4 - Media Now: Understanding Media, Culture, and Technology PDF

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Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport (Smart Village branch)

Communication Technology (LCW361) Submitted by: Yara Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Registration number: 18-10-73-93 Term: 6 Group: A/1

Submitted to: Prof. Dr. George Latif Zakie Prof. George Sameh Fahim Prof. Shahenda Ayman

Summary Four PP (251-255) 2020-2021

This is a summary of chapter Ten (pp251-255) from book ‘Media Now’ written by authors Robert LaRose, Straubhaar, and Davenport. Published in 1995. In this chapter, the authors wish to emphasize the impact of Internet in our life. The rise of internet, examines the impact of internet and technology advancements. It also charts all media to digital forms, computers, social media, internet, and smart phones. Expanded coverage includes mobile media consumption, policy changes for Internet governance, international trends, or online privacy protection.

Chapter 10: The Internet The web is born During World War II, the British secret service developed an all-electronic digital computer (named Colossus), conceived by computer pioneer Alan Turing, to crack Nazi secret codes. The SAGE air defense system, dating from the early 1950s, introduced modems to feed warnings of approaching Russian bombers (which never came) into the first wide area network (WAN). ENIAC, the original general- purpose computer, was enlisted in the Cold War that followed, running calculations for the first hydrogen bomb. 1972 was the ‘birth’ of the Internet. ARPANET had first public demonstration, email introduced, network acquired name and essential character internetting, introduced to describe the idea of a ‘network of networks’. The basic rules, or protocols, for communication between networks were established, and these evolved into the transmission-control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP). Internet pioneer Jon Postel contributed the system of naming and numbering addresses on the Internet. On Postel contributed to name and numbering addresses on Internet. User base of college professors pushed Internet out of embrace of Department of Defense as universities added, ‘closed’ networks grew, email system for university professors (BITNET) discussion group system (USENET) merged under National Science Foundation (1986) formed NSFNET. Alto computer developed by Xerox Corporation in 1970, first personal computer, mouse, graphical user interface and Ethernet (high-speed local area network connection, invented by Bob MetcalfeWilliam) • (Bill) Gates inspired by Altair, wrote programming language, BASIC, founded Microsoft Corporation1977. • Steve Jobs build first Apple II1984 Apple’s Macintosh, high resolution graphics/multimedia.

• Apple’s HyperCard software popularized hypertext concept (click to navigate) • Networks developed for home users, early systems used TV sets (video) as display ad limited to text (tex) and crude graphics Hypertext markup language (HTML) and the first Web browser to solve the problem of transporting text documents across different computer systems. That was the birth of the World Wide Web. In 1991, internet reinvented to open it to commercial users and the general public. Programmers at University of Minnesota, Gopher, hypertext online (text files only). In 1991 Tim Bernes-Lee of CERN laboratory in Switzerland wrote hypertext markup language (HTML) and first Web browser, WORLD WIDE WEB.

Reining in the Net Cultural impact of the Internet changing shape was shown when many found Internet venue for friends/family/public/market and gov’t consider how to control medium, content restrictions Telecommunications Act of 1996, Communications Decency Act, written to ban ‘indecent’ material, ruled unconstitutional. Cyberstalking, cyberbullying, Internet gaming addiction, identity thieves; concerns: Number one media threat to children. Political communication problematic, intellectual property, ruling body of Internet, Internet Engineering Task Force, all those where consequences of Internet. ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) formed to oversee assignment of .com, .net .org domain names/ develop new ones, U.S. has control. United Nations Internet Governance Forum to diversify, secure, and educate

The Rise of Social Media Google, Facebook, Twitter, Wikimedia Foundation pursue audience provide content. Web 2.0 was a trend in which ordinary users can create content. Social media started to catch on in ads and PR circles. Internet companies outpace media conglomerates, programming changes more efficient and economical with personal computer, lowers economic and tech barriers to entry, enables new companies to enter market. Now, impact of social media boils over to real world....