Second Semester Lecture & Lab Notes for COMG 251; use to study for FINAL exam. PDF

Preview

Summary

Lecturer: Jamie Urashima; Lab: Konni Wilson...

Description

QUARTER 2 COMG 251 NOTES (FINAL) CHAPTER 13: DELIVERY Speech Delivery  Based on nonverbal communication  Good delivery is an art.  Conveys speaker's message clearly, interestingly, without distracting the audience Best Combo  A mix of formality and good conversation o Directness o Vocal & facial expressiveness o Lively sense of communication Methods of Delivery  Manuscript speech (written out fully, read to audience)  Memorized speech (recited from memory, customary for short speeches)  Impromptu speech (Little or no immediate preparation; PREP)  Extemporaneous speech (carefully prepared and rehearsed, presented from brief notes) The Speaker's Voice: Volume, Pitch, Rate, Pauses, Vocal variety, Pronunciation, Articulation, Dialect The Speaker's Body- Personal appearance, Movement, Eye contact, Gestures  Movement- changing locations during speech; guidelines: o Movement should be purposeful o Move closer to audience o Adapt to cultural expectations  Eye Contact: most important in North America; guidelines: o Establish eye contact before speaking o Maintain during introduction o Establish eye contact throughout audience o Don't look over listeners' heads  The Speaker's Body o Gestures: arm and hand movement o Focus on message, be natural, be definite, vary gestures, but don't overdo them o Avoid: fig leaf/reverse fig leaf o Gunfighter/gorilla o Casual o Challenger o Hand washing  Practicing Delivery o Go through preparation outline aloud o Prepare speaking outline o Practice speech aloud o Polish, refine delivery

CHAPTER 14: CREATING AND USING VISUAL AIDS Advantages of Visual Aids:  More interesting  Helps to understand and remember  Increase credibility  Stage fright Objects and Models:  Aids in clarifying message  Models can substitute objects Photographs and Drawing:  Substitute for objects/models  Consider the size  Use multimedia presentation  Drawings are more customizable Graphs:  Statistical trends and patterns  Bar graph, pie graph, line graphs Charts:  Summarizes large block of information  Normally in list form  Not too cluttered Videos:  Lot of detail  Don't make the video too long  Cue video to where you start  Edit video length if necessary  Be careful of resolution Multimedia Presentation:  Integrate variety of visual aids  Guidelines for Preparing: o In advance o Simple o Make sure visual aids are large enough o Use limited amount of text (8x8 rule) o Effective fonts (sans serif) & size (title: 32-36; First line 26-32, Second line is 2426) o Letter type- normal (not all caps) better o Consistency- same fonts, colors, etc o Avoid too many colors & use contrasting colors  Guidelines for Presenting o Avoid using a chalkboard/whiteboard o Display visual aids where audience can see them o Avoid passing out visual aids o Display visual aids only when discussing them

o o o o

Explain visual aid Talk to your audience, not to visual aid Practice with your visual aid Check the room/equipment

CHAPTER 17: SPEAKING TO PERSUADE 1. Ad hominem 2. False dichotomy 3. Slippery slope 4. Appeal to tradition 5. Appeal to novelty Appeal to Emotions:  Fear, compassion, pride, anger, guilt, reverence Generating emotional appeal:  Use emotional language  Develop vivid examples  Speak with sincerity and conviction Ethics and Emotional Appeal:  Emotional appeals can be abused  Ensure emotional appeal is appropriate for the topic  Never substitute emotion for evidence  Keep ethical guidelines in mind

CHAPTER 19: SPEAKING TO SMALL GROUPS Small Groups:  Problem-solving group: small group formed to solve a particular problem  Similar skills as public speaking Leadership:  Implied leader  Emergent leader  Designated leader Groups require leadership Functions of leadership: Responsibilities:  Commit yourself to group goals  Fulfill individual assignments  Avoid interpersonal conflicts  Encourage full participation  Keep discussion on track

Reflective Thinking Method: 1. Define the problem o Phrase as question of policy o Question is clear & as specific as possible o Allow for a wide variety of answers o Avoid biased/slanted questions o Pose a single question 2. Analyze the Problem o How severe is the problem? What are the causes of the problem? o Research 3. Establish criteria for solutions o Come up with standards o Work out and write-out solutions 4. Generate potential solutions: o Widest possible range of solutions o Create individual lists, master list: o Encourage creativity and equal participation 5. Select the best solution o Evaluate solution based on criteria. o Try to reach consensus Presenting Recommendations:  Oral report: usually one person delivers report  Approach like any other speech.  Symposium: o Several people present on different aspects of same topic o Each speaker talks about each stage of the process o Each speaker deals with a major issue.  Panel discussion o Structured conversation o Brief, informal, impromptu o Not used often for problem-solving groups (inhibits systematic presentation, works well for information-gathering groups) PERSUASIVE THEORIES OF SPEECH Elaboration Likelihood Model  Persuasiveness depends on likelyhood receiver engages in information elaboration o Elaboration = thinking about o Elaboration is on a continuum  Thinking about and processing message  Long lasting change Central route:  Thinking about and processing message  Long lasting change

Peripheral route  Focus on cues not related to the message, short term change Factors that influence elaboration  Motivation- personal relevance, need for cognition  Ability- knowledge or expertise, distractions, time constraints Social Judgement Theory:  A range of possible opinions- lay on a continuum. Preferred position = anchor  Continuum components- latitude of acceptance, noncommitment, rejection  More likely to accept message closer to anchor (contrast effect, assimilation effect) Extended Parallel Processing Model  Receiver expected to do something if message arouses fear Danger control  Focus on ways to reduce danger  More constructive  Fear control  Focus on ways to reduce fear  Denial, avoidance, panic EPPM:    

Perceived efficacy (response & self efficacy) Perceived vulnerability Specificity of recommendations Positioning of recommendation...