Module 4 - lecture notes for final exam PDF

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Urinary Drugs ● ● ● ●

Compare and contrast the site of action and therapeutic effect of various diuretic drugs. Explain why potassium chloride drugs are given to patients taking diuretic drugs. Describe the therapeutic effects of drugs used to treat urinary tract infections, urinary tract pain, urinary tract spasm, and overactive bladder. Compare and contrast the therapeutic effects of drugs used to treat the male urinary problems of benign prostatic hypertrophy and erectile dysfunction.

Diuretic Drugs The kidneys continuously filter the circulating blood extracting products such as water, glucose, and electrolytes. Act to keep sodium and potassium from being reabsorbed from the tubules back into the blood of a nearby capillary. Great for use of the treatment of hypertension. Thiazide Diuretic Drugs Act at the nephron loop and at the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron of the kidney. Sometimes called the potassium-wasting diuretic drugs. ● Chlorothiazide ● Chlorthalidone ● Hydrochlorothiazide ● Indapamide ● Methyclothiazide ● Metolazone Loop Diuretic Drugs Act at the proximal convoluted tubule, the nephron loop and distal convoluted tubule. Also called potassium- wasting diuretic drugs. ● Bumetanide ● Ethacrynic acid ● Furosemide ● Torsemide

Potassium-Sparing Diuretic Drugs

Help potassium be reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule and nephron loop back into the blood. Some interfere with the sodium-potassium exchange in tubule others block the action of the hormone aldosterone on receptors. When aldosterone is blocked more sodium and water are excreted and potassium is spared and returned to the blood. ● Amiloride ● Spironolactone ● Triamterene Combination Diuretic Drugs Combine and thiazide diuretic and a potassium-sparing diuretic ● Aldactazide ● Dyazide ● Maxzide ● Moduretic Potassium Chloride Drugs Frequently prescribed for patients taking a thiazide diuretic drug or a loop diuretic drug in order to avoid excessive loss of the electrolytes in potassium. Available as liquids, powders, effervescent tablets, capsules and tablets. ● K-dur ● K-lor ● Klor-con ● Klorvess ● Klotrix ● K-lyte ● K-tab ● Micro-k Drugs Used to Treat Urinary Tract Infections Treated with drugs that are particularly effective on gram-negative bacteria Following drugs are only used to treat Urinary Tract Infections Quinolone Antibiotic Drugs Interfere with the bacterium’s DNA and cellular division ● Nalidixic acid Folic Acid Antagonist Drugs for UTIs

Antibiotic drugs that block the formation of folic acid in some bacteria that need folic acid to make DNA and cell proteins ● Trimethoprim Other Antibiotic-Type Drugs for UTIs Have one of the following unique effects on bacteria in urine: 1. The drug is metabolized to an acid that is excreted in the urine, where it kills the bacteria. 2. The drug is changed in the urine into the chemicals of ammonia and formaldehyde, which kill the bacteria. 3. The drug is given orally, nut is changed by the bacteria themselves into a substance that interferes with DNA and bacterial production. ● ● ● ●

Acetohydroxamic acid Fosfomycin Methenamine Nitrofurantoin

Combination Drugs for UTIs Used in combination work together to block two steps in the synthesis of folic acid in bacteria, are used to treat UTIs and infection of the prostate gland in men.

Urinary Tract Analgesic Drugs Used to treat pain and burning associated with urinary tract infection, interstitial cystitis and urinary tract surgery and endoscopic procedures, oral drugs. ● Pentosan ● Phenazopyridine Urinary Tract Antispasmodic Drugs Used to treat spasms of the smooth muscles of the urinary tract due to infection, catherization or kidney stones. ● Bethanechol ● Flavoxate ● Hyoscyamine Drugs Used to Treat Overactive Bladder Often caused in women by menopause and giving birth multiple times and in men and women

caused by old age, obesity, diabetes mellitus or by neurological diseases. These drugs block the action of acetylcholine and relax the smooth muscle of the bladder wall which decreases bladder contractions and incontinence. ● Darifenacin ● Fesoterodine ● Oxybutynin ● Solifenacin ● Tolterodine ● Trospium Drug that stimulates the beta3-receptors in the bladder wall, which relaxes the muscles and allows the bladder to fill more fully before it contracts. ● Mirabegron Injected into several different sites in the bladder muscles, it relaxes contraction and allows to fill more fully before contraction ● Onabotulinumtoxin A Drugs Used to Treat Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy Common in men over the age of 50. Symptoms of BPH include difficulty initiating urination, urinary hesitancy and decreased urinary stream. Androgen Inhibitor Drugs for BPH Androgen refers to various male hormones. Inhibit the male hormone dihydrotestosterone and reduce its effect on the prostate gland, needs to be taken for 6-12 months before it can be determined if it is effective and if it works needs to be used indefinitely. Also given to prevent cancer of the prostate gland. ● Dutasteride ● Finasteride Alpha1-Receptor Blocker Drugs for BPH Block the alpha1 receptors in the smooth muscles of the walls of the bladder and prostate gland, allows easier flow of the urine. ● Alfuzosin ● Doxazosin ● Silodosin ● Tamsulosin ● Terazosin

Combination Drugs for BPH Combines an androgen inhibitor drug and and alpha-1-receptor blocker drug to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy ● Jalyn Drugs Used to Treat Erectile Dysfunction The chemical cGMP relaxes the arteries and allows for blood to flow PD5E is what makes the erection subside, inhibitor drugs and prostaglandin E1 drugs are used to treat ED PD5E Inhibitor Drugs for Erectile Dysfunction Because cGMP is not metabolized the erection is sustained, given orally ● Avanafil ● Sildenafil ● Tadalafil ● Vardenafil Prostaglandin E1 Drugs for ED Act locally to relax the smooth muscle in arteries, given as an injection, side of penis, or pellet into urethra ● Alprostadil...