Semantics, Figures OF Speech, Syntax Lecture Notes PDF

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SEMANTICS - the study of meaning BRANCHES OF SEMANTICS 1. LEXICAL - study how lexicon is relating to the words or vocabulary of a language. TYPES OF SEMANTIC RELATIONS ● SYNONYMY - 2 or more words or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word or phrase in the same language. Angry — Fearless Everlasting — Eternal/Endless/Perpetual Temporary — Interim/Ephemeral Fire — Conflagration ฀ BORROWING OF WORDS FROM OTHER LANGUAGES Sympathy — Greek Comparison — Latin ฀ SOME SYNONYMS DIFFER IN CONNOTATION Willowy — positive Skinny — Negative ฀ SOME SYNONYMS DIFFER IN LEVEL OF FORMALITY Buy — informal Purchase — formal ฀ VARIETY OF ENGLISH is also a factor Pavement — British Sidewalk — American ● ANTONYMY – one property or characteristics is present in one and absent in the other. ฀ ABSOLUTE ANTONYMS – created by root words ฀ DERIVATIONAL ANTONYMS – created by means of negative effects Qualify — Disqualify Moral — Immoral ฀ CONVERSENESS ANTONYMS – one item pre-supposes by other mutuality independent Buy — Sell Give — Take ● POLYSEMY - semantic relation that arises when several related meanings associate with the same group of sound within one part of speech. Mouth — part of the body Mouth — edge of the river ● HOMONYMY - similar spelling but differ in meaning; two meaning but entirely different Bat — Flying mammal Bat — Equipment 2. PHRASAL OR SENTENTIAL ● SEMANTIC PROPERTIES OF WORDS – elements of meaning that make up the lexical entry of the word. MAN — male, human, adult BOY — male, human, child Solipsistic Interjection - associate the message through voice and expression ● SEMANTIC DOMAIN - set of words that share semantic properties

Hyponyms - more specific words that constitute a subclass of more general words. TREE -— Maple — Narra — Pine

FIGURES OF SPEECH ▪

SIMILE – explicit comparison between two things; usage of like or as Ex: Roberto was white as a sheet of paper aer he walked out of the horror movie.

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METAPHOR – using one thing to describe another. Ex: The dancer was a graceful eagle taking flight.

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ALLEGORY – narrative using sustained metaphor (extensive metaphor)

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PUN – play on words Ex: The horse is happy with his stable life.

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IRONY – the use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. Ex: “Oh, I love spending money!”

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PARADOX – set of statement where seemingly a possible contradiction or fact. Ex: Marriage is the leading cause of divorce.

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OXYMORON – adjacent and contradicting words. Ex: Solid air, original copy

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PERSONIFICATION – giving an object a human characteristics Ex: That kitchen knife will take a bit out of your hand if you didn’t handle it safely.

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ONOMATOPOEIA – the use of words to imitate the sounds of an object or action. Ex: The clap of thunder went bang and scared the dog.

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ALLITERATION – repetition of an initial consonant vowel sound. Ex: She sells seashells by the seashore.

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ASSONANCE – similarity in sound between internal vowels in neighboring words. Ex: How now, brown cow?

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CONSONANCE – repeating consonant sounds Ex: Pitter patter pitter patter

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APOSTROPHE – talking to someone who is not present. Ex: Car, please get me to word today.

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ANAPHORA – repetition of the same words or phrase at the beginning of clauses or verses. Ex: Unfortunately, I was in the wrong place at the wrong time on the wrong day.

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RHETORICAL QUESTION – not meant to be answered Ex: “How many times do I have to tell you?”

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ALLUSION – using a person to represent a person; using a thing to represent a thing; using a person to represent a thing or vice versa

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METONYMY – use of one item’s name to represent another item. Ex: Blood is thicker than water

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ANTANAGOGE – negative point is balanced with the positive remark.

Ex: lemon-sweet; sour-gaping ▪

ANTIMETABOLE - repeating a clause with reverse wording and repeating on the second. Ex: Charm is a woman’s strength, strength in a man’s charm....