SET 3 - Aarti Raja PDF

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SET 3 The two components of the nervous system are the ________ and the ________ CNS, PNS

____________, _________, and __________ of the brain and spinal help to protect the nervous system bony casings, cerebrospinal fluid, meninges

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) _________ the brain. It's a _______ serum like fluid (no blood) and provides _________ to spinal system encases, clear, nutrients

________-brain barrier protects and prohibits microorganisms from passing within the blood to the brain. blood

The blood brain barrier can become a problem when? if organisms get in there it's hard for us to treat them since it doesn't let much through

Is there normal biota in the CNS? no, any microorganisms in the PNS or CNS is a deviation from the healthy state, if you have them there you have a problem

______________ are the phagocytes of the nervous system that engulf something that is foreign, but very toned down microglia

Meningitis inflammation of meninges(covering)

Encephalitis inflammation of the brain

Meningoencephalitis inflammation of both caused by naegleria fowleri and acanthamoeba, fatality rate is near 100%

More serious forms of meningitis are caused by ___________ although fungi and viruses also are causes bacteria

If meningitis is suspected a _________________ is performed to obtain CSF, then use a _______ stain to look for bacteria so antibiotic treatment can start immediately spinal tap, gram

Typical symptoms of meningitis are headahce, painful or stiff neck (can't put neck to chest), fever, and usually an increased number of WBCs in CSF

Neisseria meningitidis causes the most ____________ form of acute meningitis serious, often associated with epidemic forms of meningitis

What is neisseria meningitidis commonly known as? meningococcus

Who does neisseria meningititdis commonly affect? mostly children under 2 because of immature immune system

What is meningococcemia bacteria in neisseria meningitidis that produces endotoxin that circulates, causing damage to bloodvessels

How to distinguish neisseria meningitidis from the other meningitis' a petechiae forms on trunk and apendages (tiny brown-purple spots due to bleeding under skin) and meningococcemia rapid decline

How are the meninges infected? acquired through close contact with secretions or droplets, upon entry into nasopharynx bacteria attach using fimbriae. 3-30% of population are asymptomatic carriers. Death can occur within a few hours, very quick

Streptococcus pneumonia is referred to as the _______________ and is the most ____________ cause of community-acquired meningitis pneumococcus, frequent

Streptococcus pneumonia is the most common ______________ in adults meningitis

Does haemophilus influenza cause the flu? No, it was thought to have but it doesn't

Haemophilus influenza is sensitive to ___________, ____________ extremes, and ______________ drying, temperature, disinfectants

Since the _______________ in 1988, meningitis by this organism in US is virtually unknown, don't really have problems vaccine

Haemophilus infuenza symptoms very serious, fever, stiff neck, vomiting, and neurological impairment

Listeria monocytogenes is found where? basically everywhere.... water soil plants animals humans food etc.

Listeria moncytogenes is resistant to ______, _____, _______, pH, and bile exteremes cold, heat, salt

What type of meningitis could cause pregnant women to have premature abortions or fetal death? listeria moncytogenes

In normal adults this is a mild infection but in immunocompromised, neonates, and elderly it will cause meningitis listeria moncytogenes

cryptococcus neoformans is a fungus primary transferred by __________ and is a more _________ form of meningitis birds specifically pigeons, chronic

The symptoms of _____________________ are more gradual except for in AIDS or immunocompromised patients who are more at risk cryptococcus neoformans

At 25 degrees celcius ___________________ forms a moist white to brown colony with abundance, branching, septate hyphae, and at 37 to 40 degrees celcius it grows as spherules coccidioides immitis

Coccidioides immitis can be a _________ or ________ depending on how its inhaled and usually begins with ______________ infection mold, yeast, pulmonary

The hyphae of coccidioides immitis fragment into ______________ at maturity

arthroconidia

Coccidioides immitis is almsot exculsively in endemic regions and is a true _____________ fungal infection of ________ virulence systemic, high

Where is coccidioides immitis most prevalent? hot climate, high carbon and salt content, common in soil and spread by wind and animals

How is coccidioides immitis spread? when people inhale dirt that is blown up. To prevent this you can oil dirt roads, wear masks, minimize spore aerosols to reduce cases. Most patients do not require treatments

Viral meningitis can be caused by many different _________ and is generally milder than _____________ or fungal meningitis. Majority of cases occur in ______________ virus, bacteria, children

Which meningitis can be transmitted in utero or (usually) during passage through the birth canal, and can also be found in baby food? neonatal

_______________ babies seem to be more at risk for neonatal meningitis premature (more immature immune system)

The two most common causes of neonatal meningitis are? streptococcus agalactiae (colonizes 10-30% female genital tracts) and e. coli (baby could get brain damage). Listeria monocytogenes and chronobacter sakazakii are potential causes

What devastating protozoan disease of the nervous system involving an amebic infection of the meninges and the brain Primary amebic meningoencephalopathy (PAM)

Signs and symptoms of PAM are? same for meningitis and encephalitis caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi

What causes PAM and how? Acanthamoeba and naegleria. Enters through cuts or scrapes on the skin, the eyelid, or through inhaling contaminated water through the nose, water is forced up the nose and the amoeba gets up there

How to treat and prevent PAM drugs have limited success, very hard to treat because it is an ameoba, prevent by avoiding possibly contaminated water supplies. Nearly 100% fatal

amebic meningocephalopathy rare in US, this is the disease the 10 year old girl from Mt. Pleasant died from swimming in a lake and inhaled water through her nose.

DHEC urges people to avoid _______ water during hot months of summer or wear a _______ plug to avoid amebic meningocephalopathy. fresh, nose

Naegleria fowleri is a _______, flask-shaped amoeba. Forms thick-walled uninucleated cyst and is resistant to ________________ extremes and mild _______________ small, temperature, chlorination

Naegleria fowleri infection begins when? amoebas are forced into human nasal pasages as a result of swimming, diving or other aquatic activities. Amoeba burrows in to the nasal mucosa, multiplies and migrates into the brain and surrounding structure. Death within a week

Acanthamoeba is _______, amoeboid trophozoite with spiny pseudopods and a _________ walled cyst

large, double

Which causative organism of meningoencephalitis invades broken skin, the conjunctiva and occasionally the lungs and urogenital epithelia? Acanthamoeba

Acanthamoeba is the causative organism for which type of meningoencephalitis? Granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis (GAM)--- while PAM and naegleria fowleri go together

Ecephalitis can present as ________ or ________ acute, subacute

__________ encephalitis is almost always caused by _________ infection, rapid on set, short duration. ____________ is __________ rapid and longer acute, viral, subacute, less

Signs and symptoms for encephalitis vary but may include? behavior changes, confusion, decreased consciousness, seizures

Arboviruses are transferred by _______________ and most feed on the ________ of hosts. The common outcome is an acute _______ often accompanied by a __________ insects, blood, fever, rash

___________________ can overwinter in hibernating mosquitoes or their eggs arboviruses

Mosquitoes transfer egss back and forth between ________ and small _____________. Transfer between _________ and people goes one way, we don't spread back and forth birds, animals, horses

Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE) appears first in ________ then in ______, during irrigation season. It is extremely dangerous to who? horses, humans, extremely dangerous to infants and small children

WEE is carried by what? mosquito

Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) is found primarily where? What can cause outbreaks? eastern coast of North America and Canada, increased rainfall during the late summer can cause outbreaks

In what animal does EEE usually first appear? first in horses and caged birds with a very high fatality rate (70%)

California encephalitis may be caused by what two viral strains? california strain and the LaCrosse strain

Who are the primary target groups for california encephalitis? children living in rural areas

St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE) may be the _______ common of all American viral encephalitides. Epidemics occur most often in the ____________ and the __________. ________________ infection is common most, Midwest, south, inapparent (people won't know they have it)

West Nile Encephalitis is ____________________ in numbers in the US increasing

Other encephalitis causes include:

Herpes simplex virus, Varicella-Zoster virus, JC virus, and PIE (post infection encephalitis)

Herpes simplex virus can cause encephalitis in ______________ born to _______-positive mothers newborns, HSV. Prognosis is poor

Varicella-Zoster virus causes ____________ and ____________ shingles, chickenpox

JC virus causes _______________ ______________ ___________________ (PML) in AIDS patients, an uncommon but fatal infection progressive multifocal leukoencephalophy

PIE is ______ a viral infection but caused AFTER a viral infection by the immune response. Sometimes caused by live, attenuated vaccines. Like when you get an infection somewhere else in the body not

In _____________ encephalitis symptoms take longer to show up and are less striking. The most common cause is _____________ subacute, toxoplasma

Toxoplasma gondii is a __________ encephalitis caused by a flagellated _________, which is an ____________ parasite subacute, protist, obligate

Which type of encephalitis has a wide distribution, little host specificity but the usual reservoir is cats? toxoplasma gondii. The flagellated protist live in cat tissues and cysts are released in cat feces, infection during pregnancy is bad

In a ____________ individual toxoplamsa gondii infection usually goes unnoticed healthy

Ways toxoplasma gondii can be spread ingestion of undercooked meat, petting cats or changing the litterbox, inhalation, or across placenta

Treatment for toxoplasma gondii is ______________. Antiprotist drugs don't kill forms at all stages of life cylce. Hygiene is important prolonged

Subacute sclerosing Panencephalitis appears when? What does it do? as much as 7-15 years after initial measles infection. Directly invades neural tissue and uses cellfusion to avoid immune system causing inflammation of neural tissue

Prions proteinaceious infectious particles, no genetic material

What is a neurogenerative disease with long incubation periods but rapid progression once they begin? transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)

Examples of human TSEs are? Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann-Strussler-Scheinker disease, fatal familial insomnia

Examples of animal TSEs are? scrapie (sheep/goats), transmissible mink encephalopathy, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)-"mad cow disease"

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) symptoms?

altered behavior, dementia, memory loss, delirium, premature senility, ending with uncontrollable muscle spasms. Death within one year of diagnosis.

CJD transforms into ___________ ______________ protein, enlists help from other tissues to fold and become catalytic. tissue degrading

CJD causes a loss of ______________ and ___________ cells neurons, glial

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease people started to develop a form of CJD from injesting beef from cows afflicted by bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Normal sterilization and disinfection techniques will not work because prions are heat and chemical stable. No treatment

What encephalitis is a slow, progressive zoonotic disease that is fatal caused by mammalian infection worldwide? rabies

Average incubation time for rabies is? 1-2 months or more, depending on wound site, severity, and inoculation dose, shorter incubation time the closer it is from the brain

What is rabies caused by and what are symptoms for rabies Rabies virus. Prodromal phase begins with fever, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, and other nonspecific symptoms. If not treated you will die.

The two forms of rabies are? Both progress to what? "furious" and "dumb", both progress to the coma phase, resulting in death

Treatment for rabies involves what? What are the primary resevoirs? How is it spread

passive and active immunotherapy, primary resevoirs are wild animals, spreads to humans by wild or domestic animals through bites, scratches or inhalation of droplets

How to prevent rabies? post-exposure prophylaxis-set of shots, vaccination of domestic animals, veternarians, animal handlers, lab personnel and travelers. Vaccine incorporated into bait to treat wild animals

____________________ is an acute entrovirus infection of the ________ ________ that can cause neuromuscular paralysis Poliomyelitis, spinal cord

Poliomyelitis is caused by ______________ and it is ___________ (enters nerve cells). Usually shed in _________ poliovirus, neurotropic, feces

Symptoms of poliomyelitis usually shortterm, mild viremia with fever, headache, nausea, sore throat, and myalgia-muscle pain

Effective vaccines for poliomyelitis salk****-inavtivated virus used in the US sabin- attenuated virus

Sequelae of polio paralytic disease, bulbar poliomyelitis, post-polio syndrome

Paralytic disease various degrees of flaccid paralysis of the muscles of the legs, abdomen, back, intercostals, diaphragm, pectoral girdle, and bladder

Bulbar poliomyelitis

brain stem, medulla, and cranial nerves are affected

Post-polio syndrome progressive muscle deterioration in 25-50% of patients decades after the initial infection

Tetanus is also known as ___________ lockjaw

What is the causative organism for tetanus? How is it acquired? clostridium tetani (strict anaerobe), enters body through traumatic injury can be passed through to the fetus

Virulence factor for tetanus releases powerful neurotoxin, tetanospasmin, which binds peripheral motor neurons, spinal cord, and brain. *****Blocks inhibition of muscle contraction-causes muscles to contract uncontrollably, spastic paralysis

Death occurs when you have tetanus why? because of respiratory problems

First symptoms of tetanus? clenching jaw, followed by succession by extreme arching of the back, flexion of the arms, and extension of the legs

What is the causative organism for botulism? clostridium botulinum which is endospore forming

Botulism is usually from poorly perserved __________. foods

virulence factor for botulism neurotoxin that blocks the release of neurotransmitter, endospore forming

Three major forms of botulism are? food-borne botulism-ingestion of preformed toxin infant botulism-immature immune system wound botulism-entrance of botulinum toxin into bloodstream

symptoms of botulism toxin usually 12-72 hours- double vision, difficulty swallowing, dizziness.....later symptoms include descending muscular paralysis and respiratory compromise. In all cases hospitalization is required

What is the difference between c. tetani toxin and c. botulinum toxin c. tetani is spastic paralysis and c. botulinum is flaccid paralysis *************

Botulism toxin is usually found in ________-processed foods home, spores are present in food and incorrect pressure or temp, reduced oxygen/room temperature storage, when toxin is released it does not alter taste or appearance

Infant botulism most common type in the US "floppy baby syndrome", through raw honey

What is another name for African sleeping sickness? trypanosomiasis

What is the causative organism for african sleeping sickness? What is the vector? How does it spread in the body?

Trypanosoma brucei, fly is the vector but caused by a protozoan, spreads systemically in body and lymph eventually causing damage to CNS and altered behaviors

African sleeping sickness usually has a long ____________________ period and precedes onset symptoms asymptomatic

Symptoms of African sleeping sickness are ? intermittent fever, enlarged spleen, swollen lymph nodes, and joint pain. CNS is affected and personality changes. Sleepy days and sleepless nights. Progresses to muscular tremors, shuffling gait, seizures, local paralysis. Death from coma, secondary infections, or heart damage.

Where is African sleeping sickness usually found? Sub-saharan africa...