SET 7 - Aarti Raja PDF

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Aarti Raja...

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SET 7 Etiology Study of the cause of disease

Pathogenesis Manner in which the disease develops

Infection Invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms; differs from

Disease when an infection causes a change from the normal state of health

Normal microbiota microorganisms which colonize the body, but do not produce disease under normal circumstances (those which are present, but only temporarily, are transient microbiota)

Microbial antagonism normal microbiota can prevent disease or overgrowth of harmful organisms through competition

Bacteriocins Proteins which inhibit other bacteria of similar species

Symbiosis the host and microbiota living together

Commensalism If one benefits and the other isn't harmed

Mutalism If both benefit

Parasitism if the host is harmed

Opportunistic pathogens are organisms which do not normally cause disease in a healthy person, but will cause disease if the person is weakened

Symptoms subjective changes in body function (pain, malaise, not observable)

Signs changes that can be observed and measured (lesions, fever, etc)

Syndrome a group of symptoms or signs which may always accompany a particular disease

Communicable disease disease which spreads from one host to another (ex. genital herpes)

Contagious Disease disease which spreads easily from person to person (ex. chickenpox)

Noncommunicable disease not spread from host to host

Incidence

the fraction of a population that contracts the disease during a particular time period

Prevalence fraction of a population having the disease at a specified time

Sporadic a disease that affects a population occasionally

Endemic a disease that is constantly present in a population

Epidemic many people in a given area acquire a certain disease in a relatively short time period

Pandemic a disease that affects a worldwide epidemic in a short time

Acute develops rapidly, but last only a short time (flu)

Chronic a disease that develops more slowly, and often is less severe, but can be continual or recurrent

Latent inactive for a time

Emerging Infectious Disease new or changing diseases showing an increased incidence in the recent past or a potential to increase in the near future

Local infection limited to a relatively small portion of the body

Systemic (generalized) infection spread throughout the body

Bacteremia presence of bacteria in the blood

Septicemia If they multiply in the blood

Toxemia presence of toxins in the blood (tetanus)

Viremia viruses in the blood

Primary infection an acute infection that causes the initial illness

Secondary infection an opportunistic pathogen taking advantage of the weakened defenses due to the primary infection

Zoonoses diseases transmitted to humans from animals

Contact Transmission spread of disease by direct or indirect contact, or by droplet transmission

Indirect contact spread to susceptible host through a non living object called a fomite

Droplet Transmission mucus droplets spread a short distance (less than one meter) by talking, sneezing, coughing, etc

Vehicle Transmission transmission of disease agents by a medium such as food, water or air ( more than 1 meter)

Vector Transmission animals which carry pathogens from one host to another

Descriptive epidemiology collection of data that describe the occurrence of the disease under study

Incubation period time between infection and appearance of symptoms and signs

Prodromal period short period of mild symptoms

Period of illness most acute. Exhibits overt signs and symptoms. If not successfully overcome, the patient dies during this period

Period of Decline

signs and symptoms diminish, susceptible to secondary infections

Period of Convalescence regains strength and returns to prediseased state

Epidemiology study of when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted in population

Morbidity incidence of specific notifiable diseases

Mortality number of deaths from these diseases

A commensal bacterium May be an opportunistic pathogen

A nosocomial infection Acquired during the course of hospitalization

The major significance of Koch's work was that Microorganisms are the result of disease

Koch's postulates don't apply to all diseases because Not all diseases are caused by mircroorganisms

Botulism Not spread by droplet infection

Mechanical transmission differs from biological transmission in that mechanical transmission Requires direct contact

Which of these infections can cause speticemia Focal infection

Which type of infection can be caused by septicemia Systemic infection

Koch observed Bacillus anthracis multiplying in the blood of cattle. What is the condition called Septicemia

Gram-negative cell walls contribute to the incidence of nosocomial infections False

Transient microbiota differ from normal microbiota because transient microbiota Are present for a relatively short time

The patient is infected before hospitalization so it is known as a nosocomial infection False

One result of washing regularly with antibacterial agents is the removal of normal microbiota. This can result in Increased susceptibility to disease

A sick person is a reservoir of infection True

A healthy person is a reservoir of infection

True

A sick animal is a reservoir of infection True

A hospital is a reservoir of infection True

Tetanus is a communicable disease False

A hypodermic needle is a fomite

Houseflies are an important vector of biological transmission False

Inapparent infection characteristic of a carrier state

Symptoms of disease differ from signs of disease in that symptoms Are changes felt by the patient

Figure 14.1 shows the incidence of influenza during a typical year. Which letter on the graph indicates the endemic level? D

Microbes trying to cause disease is an example of Emergence of Infectious diseases

False

Malaria Vector

Salmonellosis Vehicle Transmission

Syphilis Direct contact

Influenza Droplet infection

Using syringes more than once contributes to post op infections True

Normal microbiota on the operating room staff contributes to post op infections True

Errors in aseptic technique contributes to post op infections True

Antibiotic resistance contribute to post op infections True

A cold transmitted by a facial tissue is an example of Vehicle transmission

Influenza transmitted by an unprotected sneeze is an example of Droplet transmission

A sexually transmitted disease is an example of Direct contact

Gastroenteritis acquired from roast beef is an example of Vehicle transmission

A needlestick is an example of Fomite

Legionellosis transmitted by a grocery store mist machine is an example of Vehicle transmission

Plague transmitted by a flea is an example of Vector

The most likely mode of transmission of pneumonic plague between humans is Droplet transmission

Bacteria causing disease is NOT an example of Microbial antagonism

Acid production by bacteria is an example of microbial antagonism True

Bacteria occupying host receptors is an example of microbial antagonism True

Bacteria producing vitamin K is an example of Microbial antagonism

The yeast Candida albicans does not normally cause disease because of Antagonistic bacteria

Haemonphilus bacteria require heme protein produced by Staphylococcus bacteria. This is an example of Synergism

Cat-scratch disease is a zoonosis True

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a zoonosis True

Rabies is a zoonosis True

Tapeworm is a zoonosis True

Pseudomonas bacteria colonized the bile duct of a patient following his liver transplant surgery. This is an example of Nosocomial infection

The graph shows the incidence of polio in the United States. The period between 1945 and 1955 indicates An epidemic level

The M in MRSA stands for mannitol False

Antimicrobial therapy for hemodialysis-associated infections increases Antibiotic resistance

S. aureus is differentiated from other mannitol + cocci by the coagulate test True

USA100 accounts for most Hospital-acquired MRSA

USA300 accounts for most Community-acquired MRSA...