SET 7 - Smith PDF

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SET 7 The electrical charge difference between the inside and outside of the plasma membrane in excitable cells is referred to as the resting ________ __________. Membrane potential

What controls the opening of the ion channels in cardiac muscle cells during phases of the action potential? Electrical changes

Match the side of the heart with the correct function Left side of the heart: Supplies blood to the systemic circulation. Right side of the heart: Supplies blood to the lungs for exchange of respiratory gases.

The histology of the heart may be described by which phrases? - Involuntary muscle tissue - Composed mostly of cardiac muscle tissue

The hear is predominately composed of ______ muscle tissue. Cardiac

List in order the events of the cardiac conduction system. 1) The SA node fires 2) Excitation spreads through atrial myocardium 3) Av node fires 4) Excitation spreads down AV bundle 5) Purkinje fibers distribute excitation through ventricular myocardium

The ________ are channels in intercalacted discs that allow ions to flow directly from the cytoplasm of one cardiocyte to another. Gap junctions

Match the terms on the left with the actions on the right. Atrial systole: Atrial contraction Atrial diastole: Atrial relaxation Ventricular systole: Ventricular contraction Ventricular diastole: Ventricular relaxation

Identify the functions of the heart. - Moving blood in one direction - Generating blood pressure - Adjusting blood supply depending on tissue needs -Separating pulmonary and systemic circulations

Fluids always flow from an area of ______ pressure to an area of ________ pressure. High; low

The period of contraction of a heart chamber is called _______. Systole

The blood vessel indicated in the figure is the _________. Aorta

It is important to know the location of the heart for ________. - Listening to heart sound - Cardiopulmonary resuscitation - Applying leads for ECG

Match the division of the circulatory system with the correct description.

Pulmonary circulation: Tranports blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for exchanged of gases Systemic circulation: Transports blood from the left ventricle to the body tissues to supply the tissues with oxygen and nutrients.

The region of the heart indicated in the figure by the arrow is the _________ of the heart. Apex

The thin-walled superior chambers of the heart are called the right and left _________ Atrium

List in order the events of an action potential of a ventricular cardiac muscle cell. 1) Voltage-gated Na+ channels open 2) Influx of Na+ causes more Na+ channels to open; depolarization 3) Na+ channels close as membrane potential peaks at +30 mV 4) Ca++ enters through slow calcium channels; creates plateau 5) Ca++ channels close, K+ channels open; repolarization

Pressure in a chamber and volume within a chamber are: Inversely proportional

The pulmonary trunk is indicated by what letter in the image? D

The double layered sac that surround the heart is called the: Pericardium

The period in which a heart chamber relaxes and fills with blood is called ________. Diastole

Identify the characteristics of cardiac muscle cells. - Intercalated discs between cells - Organized myofilaments - Elongated, branching cells

The thick inferior chambers of the heart that pump blood into the arteries are the right and left: Ventricles

List the layers of the heart wall and associated membranes in order beginning with the most superficial structure. 1) Fibrous pericardium 2) Parietal pericardium 3) Pericardial cavity 4) Epicardium 5) Myocardium 6) Endocardium

Match the anatomical structure of the heart with its function. - Left atrium: Receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins - Semilunar valve: Prevents backflow of blood from great vessel into ventricle - Pericardium: Designed to minimize friction of beating heart - Endocardium: Designed to minimize friction as blood flows through the heart. - Inferior vena cava: Returns blood to the right atrium

The chambers of the human heart are the right and left _______ and the right and left _______. - Atrium

- Ventricles

Identify the ions that affect cardiac muscle function. - Calcium - Potassium - Sodium

Which letter in the figure indicates the superior vena cava? A

Elongated, branching cells with organized myofilaments, centrally located nuclei, and numerous gap junctions describe ______ muscle cells. Cardiac

A drop of blood, that is oxygen poor, entering the heart would flow through these structures in what order? 1) Right atrium 2) Right ventricle 3) Pulmonary trunk 4) Pulmonary vein 5) Left atrium 6) Left ventricle

At a given point in time, blood flows in the heart from: Both atria to both ventricles

One-third of the heart's mass is found on the ______ side of the body. Right

As a chamber, such as a cardiac ventricle, contracts just prior to reducing its volume, the pressure of the fluid within would _________. Increase

Put the following in order as seen on a standard ECG trace. 1) Atrial depolarization 2) Ventricular depolarization 3) Ventricular repolarization

Match the labeled structure with the correct vein. A: Superior vena cava B: Pulmonary veins C: Inferior vena cava D: Pulmonary arteries

Blood is forced from one area of the heart into another due to a _______ gradient. Pressure

A direct connection between multiple arteries that provides an alternate route of blood flow if blockage occurs is an arterial _______. Anastomosis

Identify the events that occur during ventricular systole. - Ventricles contract - Blood moves from ventricles through the semilunar vavles

In maintaing homeostasis, regulation of the pumping action of the heart ensures:

The metabolic demands of tissues are maintained.

Match the phase of the cardiac action potential with the primary ionic movement. - Depolarization: Na+ diffuses into the cell - Plateau: Ca++ diffuses into the cell - Repolarization: K+ diffuses out of the cell

The blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen only to the heart muscle make up the specific type of circulation called the ________ circulation. Coronary

Hormones from the adrenal medulla have what effects on the heart? - Increased rate - Increased contractility - Increased stroke volume

What is the relationship between the heart and the adrenal medulla? The adrenal medulla influences the action of the heart.

Atrial systole is occurring during the _____ ventricular filling phase of the cardiac cycle Active

When ventricles are relaxed and their pressure is low, the _____ valves are open. Atrioventricular

The _________ is a repeating series of contraction and relaxation events that move blood through the heart. Cardiac cycle

The period of contraction of a heart chamber is called ________. Systole

Atrial systole is occurring during the ______ phase of the cardiac cycle. Ventricular filling

The phase of the cardiac cycle called______ begins when ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure. Period of ejection

The phase of the cardiac cycle during which the ventricles are contracting, but all valves remained closed is called: Isovolumetric contraction

Blood is ejected from the left ventricle because the pressure in the ventricle is _____ than the pressure in the aorta. Higher

With the onset of ventricular contraction, the pressure within the ventricles: Increases

The phase of the cardiac cycle that occurs as the ventricles begin to relax is called: Isovolumetric relaxation

During exercise, the heart rate will increase, which means there is ______ time for passive ventricular filling and a need for _____ atrial contraction. Less; more

At the end of the isovolumetric contraction phase, the volume of blood in the ventricles is described as the _______.

End-diastolic volume

When ventricles contract, blood surging against the _____ valves forces them closed. Atrioventricular

During ventricular contraction, the ejection of blood out of the heart occurs because the pressure within the _______ exceeds the pressure within the ________. Ventricles; great arteries

In ventricular ejection, a higher pressure is required to open the _____ semilunar valve than to open the _______ semilunar valve. Aortic; pulmonary

Which statement accurately describes the amount of blood ejected from each ventricle at a given time? Each ventricle pumps the same amount of blood.

The vessels indicated, both transport blood away from the heart. Vessel A is the _______ and vessel B is the _______. Aorta; pulmonary trunk

The blood vessel indicated in the figure is the: Superior vena cava

A direct connection between two arteries that provides an alternate route of blood flow if blockage occurs is called an arterial __________. Anastomoses

Place the events of the baroreceptor reflex in chronological order.

1) An increase in blood pressure within the aorta stimulates an increase in frequency of action potentials within the baroreceptors 2) Afferent signals sent to the medulla oblongata 3) Sympathetic response decreases and parasympathetic response increases 4) Heart rate and stroke volume decrease 5) Response is a decrease in blood pressure

The region of the heart indicated by the letter B in the figure is the ______ of the heart. Base

The heart sounds heard through a stethoscope are the result of Closing of the valves

Identify the events that occur during ventricular diastole. - Isovolumetric relaxation - Ventricular filling

Extrinsic regulation of the heart requires involvement of _________. - The nervous system - Hormones

Which letter indicates the right lung? A

The blunt tapered inferior portion of the heart is the _______ of the heart. Apex

The blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen only to the heart muscle make up the specific type of circulation called the ______ circulation. Coronary

Match the part of the heart with the correct description. Apex: The blunt, rounded point of the heart oriented to the left of the sternum. Base: Flat, superior end of the heart that lies deep to the sternum and extends to the second intercostal space.

Match the components of the cardiac conduction system with the correct letter in the illustration. A: Sinoatrial node B: Atrioventricular node C: Atrioventricular bundle D: Bundle branches E: Purkinje fibers

List in correct order structures of the cardiac conduction system (start with the pacemaker). 1) Sinoatrial (SA) node 2) Atrioventricular (AV) node 3) Atrioventricula (AV) bundle 4) Right and left bundle branches 5) Purkinje fibers 6) Ventricular myocardium

Electrical changes across the membrane cause the opening and closing of ________ -gated ion channels. Voltage

The blood vessel indicated in the figure is the: Pulmonary trunk

List in order the three layers of the heart wall from deep to superficial 1) Endocardium 2) Myocardium 3) Epicardium

What vessels empty into the right atrium? - Superior vena cava - Inferior vena cava - Coronary sinus

Identify the branches of the right coronary artery. - Right marginal artery - Posterior interventricular artery

The coronary artery runs along the _____ sulcus and supplies blood to the ____. Coronary; right ventricle

Rapid cell-to-cell conduction of action potential between cardiac muscle cells occurs as a result of ______ junctions located in the _______ ______ of the cardiac muscles. - Gap junction - Intercalated - Disks

What allows for cell-to-cell conduction in cardiac muscle tissue? Gap junctions

Match the phase of an action potential within a cardiac muscle cell with the ionic movement that causes each phase. Initial depolarization: Diffusion of NA+ into the cell Plateau: Diffusion of Ca++ into the cell Repolarization: Diffusion of K+ out of the cell

Regulation of the heart that involves neural or hormonal control is called _______ regulation. Extrinsic

Extrinsic regulation of the heart includes: - Adrenal medulla secretions - Autonomic reflexes

Match the labeled phase of the cardiac action potential with the primary ionic movement. 1) Na+ diffuses into the cell. 2) Ca++ diffuses into the cell. 3) K+ diffuses out of the cell.

The chamber marked in this image is the ________ _______. Left atrium

Indicate the type of junctions found at intercalated discs. - Gap junction - Desmosomes

The depolarization of the SA node (from threshold to peak) is due to the inflow of ______ and ______ ions.

- Calcium - Sodium

The valve marked in this figure is the Pulmonary valve

Several types of receptors lead to reflexive changes in the heart activity. ________ are receptors that monitor blood pressure, whereas _______ are receptors that monitor the level of carbon dioxide and pH in blood. - Baroreceptors - Chemoreceptors

The blood vessel marked in this posterior image is the Left pulmonary artery

The right marginal artery and the posterior interventricular artery are branches of the _______ _______ artery. Right coronary

What are the functions of the fibrous skeleton? - Provides structural support for the heart - Anchors cardiac muscle - Provides electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles

The atria contract and the ventricles relax and fill with blood during ventricular________. Diastole

The ________ wave of an ECG is a recording of the repolarization of the ventricular myocardium. T

Identify the vessels that return deoxygnated blood to the right atrium. - Coronary sinus - Superior vena cava - Inferior vena cava

The blood vessel indicated in the figure is the _______ artery. Left coronary

The figure is representing _______ ventricular filling. Active

The upper dashed red line indicates pressure changes in the ___________. Aorta

What characteristics ensure that cardiac muscle cells have an adequate supply of ATP? - Large numbers of mitochondria - Extensive capillary network through cardiac muscle tissue - Utilization of oxygen for metabolism of glucose

List in the correct order the major phases of the cardiac cycle following ventricular filling. 1) Isovolumetric contraction 2) Ventricular ejection

3) Isovolumetric relaxation

An excess in blood calcium ion levels can cause a(n) ________ HR. Decreased

The serous fluid called ______ fluid fills the pericardial cavity and lubricates the membranes, allowing the heart to beat with minimal friction. Pericardial

Place the events of the chemoreceptor reflex in response to an increase in blood pH. 1) Chemoreceptors stimulated by an increase in blood pH. 2) Cardioregulatory center increases parasympathetic activity and decreases sympathetic activity. 3) Heart rate and stroke volume decrease 4) Decreased blood flow to the lungs 5) Blood Co2 levels increase. 6) Blood pH decreases.

Name the chamber of the heart indicated in the figure. Right atrium

Ventricular contraction begins at the ______ of the heart. Apex

What valves are closing during the first heart sound? - Bicuspid - Tricuspid

The _______ is a composite recording of all cardiac action potentials

EKG

Mean arterial pressure changes proportionally with changes in which variables? - Peripheral resistance/output - Cardiac output - Stroke volume

Match the branches of the coronary arteries with the correct description. - Anterior interventricular branch: Supplies blood to the anterior part of the heart. - Left marginal artery: Supplies blood to the lateral wall of the left ventricle - Circumflex artery: Branch of the left coronary artery that supplies blood to the lateral wall of the heart. - Right marginal artery: Supplies blood to the lateral wall of the right ventricle - Posterior interventricular artery: Branch of the right coronary artery supplying blood to the posterior and inferior portion of the heart.

In response to an increase in blood pressure above homeostatic levels, the baroreceptor reflex will lead to a(n) _________ in sympathetic stimulation and a(n) _______ in parasympathetic stimulation leading to a(n) _______ in heart rated and stroke volume. - Decrease - Increase - Decrease

Where is blood moving during the period of ejection? Ventricles to great vessels

What vessels empty into the left atrium? - Left pulmonary veins - Right pulmonary veins

The flaplike extension of each atrium is called the ________. Auricle

The finger-like muscle indicated in the figure is a _____ muscle. Papillary

The chamber of the heart indicated in the figure is the: Right ventricle

The blood vessel indicated in the figure is the ______ _______ vein. Great cardiac

The depolarization of the SA node (from threshold to peak) is due to the inflow of _______ and _____ ions. - Sodium - Calcium

The propagation of action potentials in ______ muscle tissue is slower than ______ muscle tissue, and involves stimulation of multiple cells, one after another. - Cardiac - Skeletal

During which phase of the cardiac cycle does blood flow through the coronary circulation? Ventricular diastole

The volume of blood in the ventricle just prior to systole is called: End-diastolic volume

Blood spurts out of each ventricle during the _____ phase of the cardiac cycle. Period of ejection

The fetal opening in the internal septum is referred to as the ________ ______. Foramen ovale

The first heart sound is associated with the closing of the ________ valves Atrioventricular

The pacemaker if the heart is typically the _______ node. SA

Match the labeled structure with the correct branch of the right coronary artery. A: Right marginal artery B: Posterior interventricular artery

The outermost part of the serous pericardium is the ________ pericardium. Parietal

The Starling law of the heart states that stroke volume is proportional to the: End-diastolic volume

The ________ wave of ECG is a recording of the depolarization of the atrial myocardium. P

Which occurs during the depolarization phase of a cardiac muscle but not in a skeletal muscle cell? Calcium channels begin to open

The layer of the heart indicated on the figure is the _________. Myocardium

Cardiac output is the volume of blood ______. Ejected by the ventricles per minute

Impulse conduction through the cardiac conduction system is slowest through the ______ nose, allowing a pause between atrial contraction and ventricular contraction. AV

The ______ _____ of intercalated discs allow the entire myocardium of both ventricles to contract as a unit. Gap junctions

Purkinje fibers ______. Are terminal branches f the cardiac conduction system.

The inner lining of the pericardial cavity is the _______ pericardium whereas the outer part of the heart wall is called the epicardium or the _______ pericardium. Parietal; visceral

What occurs during the period of the ECG marked with the letter A? Completion of atrial contraction

The ridges of muscle indicated in the figur...