SET 4 - Elena Shushkevych PDF

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Elena Shushkevych...

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SET 4 What Carbohydrates are provided by photosynthesis? dietary

What are the simplest of the Carbohydrates? monosaccharides

What are the three monosaccharides? Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

What are the chemical formulas for monosaccharides? C6H12O6

What is Glucose? most important fuel, aka dextrose/blood sugar, breakdown of starches and sucrose.

What is fructose? fruit sugar. in sucrose (fruit, honey, high fructose corn syrup), converted into glucose at certain organs.

What is galactose? milk sugar. in lactose, converted to glucose at certain organs.

What are disacchardies? class of sugars formed by chemical bonding of two monosacchardies(simple sugars)

What is maltose used in? beer and liquor industry.

Glucose + ? = maltose galactose

glucose + ?= sucrose fructose

glucose + ? = lactose galactose

What are complex carbohydrates? polysaccharides . usually 100s to 1000s.

What are examples polysaccharides ? starch (amylose, and amylopectin), dietary fiber, glycogen

How do plants store carbohydrates? starch (amylose ~20% and amylopectin)

What other complex carbohydrate do plants make that humans cannot digest? cellulose

How do animals store carbohydrates? as glycogen

What is glycogen and where is it stored?

a glucose unit with many branches. stored in liver and muscles.

What is an indigestible starch? fiber.

What are the carbohydrate fibers? cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, gums, mucilages

what are the non carbohydrate fibers? lignin

what fiber carbs are not fermented by bacteria in the GI tract? cellulose and hemicellulose

What fiber carbs are viscous/soluble that are fermented by bacteria in the GI tract? pectin, gums, mucilages

What is functional fiber? fiber added to food that provides health benefits

What are prebiotics? type of functional fiber, short chain saccharides, stimulate growth or activity of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine.

What are the top 5 sources of carbs in US? baked potato, coke, m&ms, banana, cooked rice

How many people dont meet the whole grain recommendation? and what is it? 9 out of 10 people. and 3 servings per day.

is multi grain the same as whole grain? no.

What are the characteristics of veggies? source of starch and fiber, rich in vitamins and minerals, low in fat and calories. may reduce risk of heart disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes.

What are characteristics of fruits? provide carbs as natural sugar and fiber. those who eat have reduced risk of chronic disease. choose whole or cute up over juices.

What are characteristics of dairy? provide carbs as lactose. content caries depending on product. dietary need varies on age, choose no or low fat options.

When do dental caries occur? when bacteria of the oral cavaties form colonies on teeth (plaque)

What happens to bacteria without brushing or flossing? bacteria metabolizes CHO in the mouth and creates acid that dissolves enamel and structure of teeth/gums.

What are nutritive sweetners? they provide calories.

What are non-nutritive sweetners? they provide no calories

What are common additives?

nutritive sweetners. 4 kcal/g. all sugars (brown, raw, maple, honey)

What are sugar alcohols? nutritive sweetners. 2.6 kcal/g. sorbitol, xylitol. excess = laxative. common in sugarless gums, do not promote tooth decay.

What is high fructose corn syrup? made from a process that converts some glucose in cornstarch to fructose (55% fructose). imporved shelf life.

How much high fructose corn syrup does the average american consume per year? 60 pounds

What is parallel to HFCS consumption? obesity and overweightness.

What is the safety of alternative sweetners determined by? FDA and indicated by Acceptable Daily Intake guideline.

What is aspartame? equal, nutrasweet. composed of phenylalanine, aspartic acid, and methanol. 180-200x sweeter than sucrose. 4kcal/gm only small amount needed. not heat stable.

What is phenylketonuria (PKU)? a genetic disorder attributed to a defective gene that produces phenylalanine hydroxylase that can lead to severe neurological problems. aspartame contains phenylalanine. all states in US require a PKU test for newborns- if positive treatment involves diet low in phenylalanine.

What is sucralose?

splenda. 600x sweeter than sucrose. made by adding 3 chlorines to sucrose, heat stable, tiny amount digested, excreted in the feces . ADI is 5 mg/kg (6 diet cokes )

What is saccharin? sweet N low. first produced in late 1800s . 180-200x sweeter than sucrose. FDA says no risk to humans.

What is the history of saccharin? 1970s: linked to bladder cancer. try to ban. and 2000 finally removed all toxins.

What is the next generation of alternative sweeteners? leaves from stevia plant used in brazil. japan has used it since 1971

What is stevia? sweet leaf. 100-300x sweeter than sucrose. no energy. safe. FDA has not approved of it yet.

What does cooking do carbs? softens fibrous tissues, easier to chew and swallow.

What enzyme does saliva contain that breaks down starch to shorter saccharides? salivary amylase.

once in the stomach what happens to the salivary amylase? the acidic environment inactivates it.

Where does most digestion of carbohydrates occur? alkaline environment of the small intestine.

What are the pancreatic juices?

pancreatic amylase, bicarbonate

How does glucose and galactose absorb carbs? generally follow active absorption process, requires specific carrier and energy input.

How does fructose absorb carbs? facilitated diffusion. carrier is used, no energy input needed.

How much of the worlds populate has some type of lactose intolerance? ~75%

How much of the US has some type of lactose intolerance? ~25%

What does lactose intolerance result in? breakdown by bacteria in large intesine. production of gas, abdominal bloating, cramps. diarrhea

What is the solution to a lactose intolerance? omit dairy/lactose; substitute cheese and yogurt; lactaid; soy milk

What are the three pathways of glucose in body? producing glycogen for storage, producing fat, bloodstream to organs such as brain, muscles, kidneys and adipose

What happens in the large intestine to fiber? bacteria ferments soluble fibers into acids and gases and may promote health of the colon.

What does a diet with adequate fiber usually produce? stool that is bulky and can move easily through the colon.

what does a diet low in fiber result in? stool that is harder to move through the colon (constipation) and other probs like diverticula and hemorrhoids.

What is diverticula? pouches protrude through exterior wall of large intestine.

What is diverticulosis? condition of having many diverticula in large intestine.

What is diverticulitis? inflammation of diverticula caused by acids produced by bacterial metabolism inside diverticula.

What are hemorrhoids? pronounced swelling of a large vein, particularly veins found in anal region. caused by excessive straining during bowel movement.

What is colon cancer linked to? increased fiber , decreases in colon cancer. focus on fruits, veggies, beans, and whole grains.

Why do we need carbohydrates? to supply calories/ energy for use by body.

What certain tissues can use only glucose? red blood cells, brain/CNS prefers glucose, can use ketone bodies

What are ketone bodies? partial breakdown products of fat that contain three or four carbons.

What can the lack of glucose control produce? hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia

What is hyperglycemia? high blood glucose, above 125 milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood

what is hypoglycemia? low blood glucose, below 40 to 50 milligrams per 100 milliliters for of blood.

What regulates glucose that enters the bloodstream? the liver

What does the pancreas control? release of insulin and glucagon

What happens when blood gluose is high? 3 steps and result. pancreas releases insulin. 1) signals liver to store glucose as glycogen. 2) directs muscle, adipose, and other cells to remove glucose from the blood. 3) reduces gluconeogenesis (conversion of amino acids to glucose). result= lower blood glucose...