Skeletal System for Anatomy and Physiology for Nursing PDF

Preview

Summary

These notes cover both in class and textbook information on the entire skeletal system required for anatomy and physiology for nursing...

Description

Chapter 8: Skeletal System

4.

1.

Skeletal System a. Made up of bones to form an internal framework that supports soft tissues and protects vital organs as well as movement b. Bears the body’s weight

2.

Components of the Skeleton a. The Axial Skeleton is composed of the bones along the central axis of the body i. Main function is to form a framework that supports and protects organs. ii. Includes the Skull, Vertebral Column, Sternum and Ribs iii. Contains the spongy bone responsible for blood cell formation ● Happens in the Hemopoietic Tissue b. The Appendicular Skeleton i. Includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs, and the girdles of bones that attach the upper and lower limbs to the axial skeleton. ● Pectoral Girdle consists of bones that hold the upper limbs in place ● Pelvic Girdle consists of bones that hold the lower limbs in place

3.

Bone Markings a. Distinctive bone markings are the surface characters that characterize each bone in the body i. These mark the placement of the muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, and nerves b. Depressions, Grooves, and Openings i. Mark the places that blood vessels and nerves travel c. Projections i. Mark the points where muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach

Anatomy of the Skull a. Composed of both cranial and facial bones. i. Cranial bones form the rounded cranium, which completely surrounds and encloses the brain ● Consists of 8 bones that form a roof and base ● The roof of the cranium, called the Calvaria, is composed of the frontal bone, parietal bones, and part of the occipital bone. ● The base of the cranium is composed of the ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital, and temporal bones. ii.

Facial bones form the face and protect the entrances to the digestive and respiratory systems.

● These bones give shape to an individual face, form part of the orbit and nasal cavities, support the teeth, and provide attachment for the muscles involved with expression and chewing (mastication). ● There are 14 facial bones ● Paired zygomatic bones, lacrimal bones, nasal bones, inferior nasal conchae, palatine bones, maxillae, and unpaired vomer and mandible iii. The skull also contains several prominent cavities ● The largest is the cranial cavity that encloses, protects, and supports the brain. a. Volume = 50 fl.oz. or 1300 to 1500 cm3 ● The skull also forms the orbits, the oral cavity, the nasal cavity, and the paranasal sinuses. b. Structure of the Skull - Anterior View i. The frontal bone forms the forehead ii. There are two large openings within each orbit called the superior orbital fissure and the inferior orbital fissure. iii. Superior to the orbits of the anterior surface of the frontal bone are the superciliary arches, otherwise known as the brow ridges. iv. The left and right nasal bones form the bridge of the nose. v. Superior to the nasal bones and between the orbits is a landmark area called the glabella. vi. The left and right maxillae fuse in the midline to form most of the upper jaw and the lateral boundaries of the nasal cavity. vii. Inferior to each orbit in the maxilla is an infraorbital foramen, which is a passageway for blood vessels and nerves to the face viii. The lower jaw is formed by the mandible. ix. The prominent chin of the mandible is called the mental protuberance x. The oral margins of the mandible and maxilla each have alveolar processes that contain teeth. xi. The inferior border of the anterior view is marked by the anterior nasal spine xii. The thin ridge of bone that divides the nasal cavity into left and right halves is called the nasal septum. xiii. Along the inferolateral walls of the nasal cavity are two scroll shaped bones called the inferior nasal conchae.

c. Structure of the Skull - Superior View i. The superior view of the skull primarily shows the frontal bone, both parietal bones, and the occipital bones.

● The articulation / border between the frontal and parietal bones is the coronal suture or the coronal plane ● The sagittal suture connects both the left and right parietal bones along the midline of the skull ii. Along the posterior ⅓ of the sagittal suture is either a single or paired parietal foramina, which serves as the passageway of small veins between the brain and the scalp. iii. The lateral surface of each parietal bone exhibits a rounded, smooth area called the parietal eminence. d. Structure of the Skull - Posterior View i. The external occipital protuberance is a prominence on the back of the skull ii. Intersecting the external occipital protuberance are two horizontal ridges, the superior and inferior nuchal lines. e. Structure of the Skull - Lateral View i.

General Structure Articulating Surfaces

Anatomic Term Condyle

Description large, smooth, rounded, oval structure

Depressions

Projections for Tendon and Ligament Attachment

Openings and Spaces

Facet

small, flat, shallow surface

Head

prominent, rounded epiphysis

Trochlea

smooth, groved, pulley like process

Alveolus

deep pit or socket in the maxillae or mandible

Fossa

flattened or shallow depression

Sulcus

narrow groove

Crest

narrow, prominent, ridgelike projection

Epicondyle

projection adjacent to a condyle

Line

low ridge

Process

any marked bony prominence

Ramus

angular extension of a bone relative to the rest of the structure

Spine

pointed, slender process

Trochanter

massive, rough projection found only on the femur

Tubercle

small, round projection

Tuberosity

large, rough projection

Canal

passageway through a bone

Fissure

narrow, slitlike opening through a bone

Foramen

rounded passageway through a bone

Meatus

passageway through a bone

Sinus

cavity or hollow space in a bone...