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FACULTY OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT

SLE132

Biology: Form and Function PRACTICAL MANUAL

These study materials have been produced for units offered by the Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment.

Authorship and publication history Attribution of authorship is provided with each part of this work. Written, edited and produced by staff of the School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University. Published by Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia www.deakin.edu.au First published 2011 Revised 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021 © Deakin University 2021

Acknowledgements Unless otherwise indicated, the following notice will apply:

COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 WARNING This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of Deakin University pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice. Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B

SLE132 Practical Manual, 2021 Contents Introductory comments

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Practicals Practical 1: Practical 2: Practical 3: Practical 4:

3 15 29

Practical 5:

Animal Diversity Vertebrate Tissues Dissection of the Toad Leaf structure and an investigation of the photochemical reactions of photosynthesis Plant Structure and Diversity

Appendices 1. Safety in biology (Read before prac 1) 2. A guide to presentation of work in biology 3. Description and use of the compound microscope 4. Pipetting guide

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69 70 74 78

SLE132 BIOLOGY: FORM AND FUNCTION

Introductory Comments This manual contains the essential information for the practical classes for SLE132, Biology: Form and Function. It also contains the worksheets that are to be completed, torn out of the manual, and submitted in the practical classes. Students bring a complete, printed and bound copy of this manual to each practical class. It should be used to prepare for practical classes (and read before the pre-prac quizzes are completed) as well as in practicals for note taking and completion of the work sheets. At the end of each prac class, and before you leave, you must submit the completed worksheets to you demonstrator for marking. Worksheets should be neatly excised from your manual (scissors and stapler will be provided) after you’ve completed them, so that you can submit. Before any practical class, students should have read Appendix 1, which contains important information on Safety in the Laboratory. Practical classes It is the responsibility of each student to have enrolled in a practical class prior to the start of trimester. You should attend only the session for which you have registered; there will not be sufficient space to do otherwise. Practical sessions will run up to three hours. Students are required to wear a laboratory coat to each practical class. Laboratory coats are available from the university bookshop. You should also bring a pencil, eraser and both plain and lined paper to each class. As practical class work is an integral component of SLE132 Biology: Form and Function, students are expected to attend every practical class and attendance records will be kept. Students will not be allowed to swap between practical classes and, if absent from a practical class, will be awarded zero for the practical assessment. Pre-practical quizzes on CloudDeakin For all practicals, a quiz will appear on the SLE132, Biology: Form and Function page on CloudDeakin at least one week before the start of the first session of each practical. All quizzes will close on the Monday of weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and must be completed before then; that is, they close well before your pracs commence, especially for Burwood students. These quizzes will test knowledge of the practical and ensure that students have prepared for the class. Each quiz is worth 1% of the final grade for the unit. The answers to each quiz will be posted on CloudDeakin after submissions for that prac close.

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SLE132 BIOLOGY: FORM AND FUNCTION

PRACTICAL ONE

Animal Diversity Introduction The animal kingdom is divided into about 35 phyla. You are probably most familiar with vertebrate animals such as mammals, birds and fish. However, you should be aware that vertebrates constitute a single subphylum within a single phylum, the Chordata. All other animals, about 95% of the species known, belong to the other phyla and are collectively known as the invertebrates. You are surrounded by invertebrates of one sort or another every day and one group, the insects, are the most abundant multicellular organisms on the planet. The objective of this practical class is to introduce you to some representatives of the major phyla of animals. By comparing and contrasting the morphological features of the major animal groups, you will become familiar with the characteristics defining each phylum. You will also learn the use of dichotomous keys in identifying organisms. Note that in this practical you will be comparing features that can be determined by external examination. Differences in internal anatomy, development and gene/protein sequences are also important in distinguishing between different animal phyla. You will learn about these in the lectures. You will find it useful to bring your textbook to this practical. The major animal phyla are discussed in chapters 32- 34.

Pre-practical quiz on CloudDeakin A quiz will be posted on the SLE132 page of CloudDeakin and must be completed before 9am on Monday of week 2. This quiz will test your knowledge of practical 1 and ensure you have prepared yourself for the class. You will have two opportunities to complete this quiz so please ensure you have thoroughly read the practical notes in this manual before you attempt the quiz. Your result from this quiz will contribute 1% of your overall SLE132 mark.

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SLE132 BIOLOGY: FORM AND FUNCTION

Pre-practical task - A comparison of the major animal phyla

Pre-lab task on page 14 must be completed before class Complete the Animal Diversity Table on the last page of prac 1 worksheet. Fill in the table as best you can by using the information given in lecture/class 1 and your textbook. The table will be used in prac and will be marked as you enter the class. You will find that phyla are distinguished by characteristic combinations of features, rather than any single feature. Assess each phylum for the following features. Remember that the glossary at the end of your textbook is also a good place to check definitions. Symmetry Cephalisation Skeleton Segmentation

Appendages Mouth and anus

Radial, bilateral or asymmetrical. Is there a distinct head: always, sometimes, never? External, internal, hydrostatic, or otherwise (sponge?). Is the body divided into distinct segments? Segments may be numerous and visible along almost the entire length of the animal, or restricted to a region/s of the body. Present or absent? Jointed or not? Present or absent? You may need the help of the textbook here. Mouths and anuses aren’t always where you would expect them to be.

In-class activities: classification and dichotomous keys We classify things to simplify them and to create order. A classification scheme helps us make sense of the vast diversity of organisms around us. It also enables us to predict the likely features of an unfamiliar species given its taxonomy. Taxonomy is the science of classification. The system is hierarchical and is, ideally, based on phylogeny (the history of the evolution of a group of organisms). A common approach to identifying organisms involves the use of dichotomous keys. These keys contain two contrasting statements or leads, which are grouped together to form a couplet. All of the characters described in one lead of a couplet should be described in the other lead and in the same order. Verbs are often omitted. The questions are normally descriptive and discriminatory, where the answer is typically yes or no. Some questions may include the number of an individual feature. For example: 1a Walking legs present on abdomen 1b Walking legs absent on abdomen 2a Antennae, two pairs; body colour red 2b Antennae, one pair; body colour other than red Some terms commonly used in keys are:

go to 2 go to 3 Class Crustacea go to 4 4

SLE132 BIOLOGY: FORM AND FUNCTION

Unicellular

Organism of one cell only.

Multicellular

Organism made up of many cells.

Radial symmetry

Lacking a left and right side. Divisible into mirror images by any plane through the central or long axis.

Bilateral symmetry

Only one central, longitudinal plane can divide the body into mirror image halves. Flattened by compression along the dorsal (back) and ventral (front) surfaces (e.g. flatworms).

Dorsiventrally flattened Appendage

An attached part.

Parapodia

A pair of fleshy, paddle-like appendages on each segment of marine worms.

Tentacles Segmentation

Fleshy appendages that surround the mouth (e.g. as in sea anemones). Not, for example, the ‘arms’ of a sea star. Body divided into repeated segments.

Exoskeleton

External skeleton, outside the rest of the body.

The above terms are frequently used in biology and, if you are not familiar with their meaning, do some extra pre-reading of the textbook as part of your pre-lab preparation; your demonstrator can also discuss them with you. Work in pairs and complete the following two keys.

Constructing a key Q1.

Construct a dichotomous key to separate specimens of the phylum Echinodermata into their appropriate classes. Use appropriate terminology from the list above.

Examples of four classes of echinoderms – brittle stars (Ophiuroidea), sea stars (Asteroidea), sea urchins (Echinoidea) and sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea) - are set out in the laboratory. Some may be photographs. If there are examples of the fifth and perhaps most ancient class, the feather stars and sea lilies (Crinoidea) available, make observations but do not include them in your key. Q2.

Construct a dichotomous key to separate specimens of the phylum Mollusca into their appropriate classes. Use appropriate terminology from the list above. Examples of four classes of molluscs - chitons (Polyplacophora), bivalves (Bivalvia), gastropods (Gastropoda) and cephalopods (Cephalopoda) - are set out in the laboratory. In this key, it is possible that you may end up at one of the classes more than once (e.g. once for shelled gastropods and later for unshelled gastropods). Your keys should enable your demonstrator to key out any given echinoderm or mollusc in the laboratory into its correct class. When identifying the physical features of the samples, try to be specific to the class to which they belong and not the individual 5

SLE132 BIOLOGY: FORM AND FUNCTION samples you are observing. It is recommended not to mention colour or size of samples, as this may have changed from life in the dead, preserved specimens. There will be a group discussion about these keys before starting the rest of the practical. You will need to use these keys in the next section of the practical.

Using a key Q3.

Use keys 1, 2 (below), together with the keys you constructed for Q’s 1, 2, to determine the phylum and class (if appropriate) of four specimens. Choose specimens from one coloured container. Be sure to record the container colour, as well as the specimen number/letter. For each specimen, list the path you followed through the keys to arrive at your final classification. And: Draw any three specimens, except a sponge or a chiton. Label distinguishing features. See Appendix 2 for instructions on drawing. Key no. 1: A key to some of the major animal phyla 1a Entire body wall perforated with small holes. Not enclosed in a thick leathery coat. 1b Body otherwise 2a Body elongate and enclosed in a thick leathery coat. Often two openings at anterior end. Animals single or in colonies. 2b Body otherwise 3a Body symmetry radial 3b Body symmetry bilateral 4a Tentacles present; body soft 4b Tentacles absent; body hard and rough

5a 5b 6a 6b 7a 7b 8a 8b 9a 9b 10a

10b 11a

Phylum Porifera Go to 2 Phylum Chordata

Go to 3 Go to 4 Go to 5 Phylum Cnidaria Phylum Echinodermata (now use the key you created; i.e., 16a) Paired locomotory appendages (flippers, fins, legs, Go to 6 wings) present Paired locomotory appendages absent Go to 8 Locomotory appendages in 2 pairs Phylum Chordata Locomotory appendages in 3 or more pairs Go to 7 Body with jointed locomotory appendages Phylum Arthropoda (now go to 12) Body without jointed locomotory appendages Phylum Annelida Body soft and dorsoventrally flattened Phylum Platyhelminthes Body otherwise Go to 9 Body externally segmented Phylum Annelida Body not externally segmented Go to 10 Body with external shell and/or muscular foot and/or Phylum Mollusca tentacles (now use the key you created; i.e., 19a) Body otherwise Go to 11 Body cylindrical and slender (worm-like, but lacking a Phylum Nematoda well-developed head); if free-living, usually less than 1 mm long. 6

SLE132 BIOLOGY: FORM AND FUNCTION 11b

Body ‘eel’ or ‘snake’ like (i.e. with well-developed Phylum Chordata head), larger than 1 mm long.

If you end up with a representative of the phyla Annelida, Cnidaria, Porifera, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda or Chordata, there is no need to go any further. Key no. 2: A key to the classes of arthropods 12a

3 or 4 pairs of locomotory appendages

Go to 13

12b 13a

More than 4 pairs of locomotory appendages 3 pairs of walking legs

Go to 14 Class Insecta

13b 14a

4 pairs of walking legs Walking legs on more than one body segment

Class Arachnida Go to 15

14b 15a

Walking legs on one body segment 1 pair of walking legs per body segment

Class Crustacea Class Chilopoda

15b

2 pairs of walking legs per body segment

Class Diplopoda

Q4:

List three features of all insects that distinguish them from arachnids and myriapods. (2 marks)

Assessment (8%)

Pre-prac quiz on Cloud Deakin: 1% of final assessment. Before leaving the lab, submit the following for 7% of the assessment (35 marks). 1. Pre-lab: A completed table of distinguishing features for each phylum (5 marks). 2. Completed dichotomous keys to the echinoderms (3 marks) and molluscs (3 marks). 3. A list of the path followed through the keys to arrive at your final classifications for the four specimens provided (3 marks). 4. Answers to the written-answer question 4 (3 marks). 5. Clearly labelled drawings of three specimens with full legends (6 marks each).

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SLE132 BIOLOGY: FORM AND FUNCTION

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SLE132 BIOLOGY: FORM AND FUNCTION Name____________________________________

ID_________________________

Practical Class (Day and Time)________________ Demonstrators_____________________

SLE132: Practical 1 - Animal diversity Answer all questions and complete all biological drawings on this worksheet; attach the completed assignment cover sheet before submitting to your demonstrator at the end of class. All biological drawings should be in pencil; refer to the notes in the manual for correct technique in completing biological drawings. Total for practical, 35 marks

Question 1: Construct a dichotomous key to separate the specimens of the phylum Echinodermata into their appropriate classes (Class Ophiuroidea, Class Asteroidea, Class Echinoidea and Class Holothuroidea). (3 marks) 16a 16b 17a 17b 18a 18b

Question 2: Construct a dichotomous key to separate the specimens of the phylum Mollusca into their appropriate classes (Class Polyplacophora, Class Bivalvia, Class Gastropoda and Class Cephalopoda). (3 marks)

19a 19b 20a 20b 21a 21b

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SLE132 BIOLOGY: FORM AND FUNCTION Question 3: Use the keys in the manual and those you have constructed for questions 1 and 2 to correctly identify four specimens. Choose specimens from ONE coloured container; be sure to record the colour and specimen number/letter (otherwise your demonstrator can’t mark your answers!). (3 marks) Colour and letter of specimen Example: Green d

Steps taken through keys 1b, 2b, 3a, 4b, 16a, 17b

Phylum (and class where possible) Phylum Echinodermata Class Asteroidea

Question 4: List three features of all insects that distinguish them from the Arachnida and the Myriapoda. You may want to consult your textbook. (3 marks) ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

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SLE132 BIOLOGY: FORM AND FUNCTION

Biological Drawings Draw three specimens (but not a sponge or a chiton) including everything you need for a biological drawing (See Appendix 2 - Legend, ruled lines, scale, use pencil only and each drawing should be at least 10cm size). Make sure you include at least 5 labels for each drawing. Biological drawing 1 (6 marks)

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SLE132 BIOLOGY: FORM AND FUNCTION Biological drawing 2 (6 marks)

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SLE132 BIOLOGY: FORM AND FUNCTION Biological drawing 3 (6 marks)

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Cnidaria

Platyhelminthes

Annelida

Mollusca

Arthropoda

Echinodermata

Chordata

Cephalization

Skeleton

yes/no

Hydrostatic/ Exoskeleton/ Endoskeleton/ other

Segmentation Present/Absent

Appendages Present/Absent Jointed/not j’ d

Mouth & Anus yes/no

Other features

SLE132 BIOLOGY: FORM AND FUNCTION

Porifera

Symmetry Asymmetrical, radial, bilateral

Pre-Prac Task, Animal Diversity Table

Attach this sheet when you submit your worksheet (5 marks).

Phylum

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SLE132 BIOLOGY: FORM AND FUNCTION

PRACTICAL TWO

Vertebrate tissue structures Purpose To examine some of the common tissue types found in animals.

Pre-practical quiz on CloudDeakin A quiz will be posted on the SLE132 page of CloudDeakin and must be completed before 9am on Monday of week 4. This quiz will test your knowledge of practical 2 and ensure you have prepared yourself for the class. You will have two opportunities to complete this quiz so please ensure you have thoroughly read the practical notes in this manual before you attempt the quiz. Your result from this quiz will contribute 1% of your overall SLE132 mark.

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