Slide Test 2 - North European emporia PDF

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Including Wallingford Anglo-Saxon burh and Cashel sarcophagus...

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Sl i d eTe s t2

I mag e1 :Nor t hEur o pe ane mpor i a 

I n t r o d uc t i o n o Empor i umswe r et r a d i n gc e n t r e st h a te me r g e dd ur i n gt h ee a r l yMe d i e v a lp e r i o dp r i o r t ot h eVi ki n gi n v a s i o n , e n c o u r a g i n gt r a d eb e t we e nt h ed e v e l op i n gEu r o p e a np o we r s .

o Theywe r ep l a c e di ns t r a t e g i cl o c a t i o n st op r omo t ec o n v e n i e n tt r a d ebe t we e nEu r o p e a sawh o l e , a sc a nb es e e ni nt h ei ma g e , Do r e s t a di sn e a rt h eRh i nea ndLo n d o ni s n e a rt h eTh a me s .

o Si g n i fic a n t l y , d e s p i t et h ep e r i o dt h e yi n h a bi t , t h e yh a v el i t t l ekn o wnc o n n e c t i o nt ot h e 

Ch u r c h. Ph y s i c a lEv i d e n c e

o AmandaKel l yn ot e st h a t t h ep r e s e nc eo fe mp o r i u msi nI r e l a n di sd i r e c t l yr e l a t e dt o

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t h ep r e v a l e nc eofPh o c a e a nRe dSl i pWa r e , wh i c hwo ul dh a v eb e e ni mp o r t e df r o mt h e 1 Me d i t e r r a n e a nr e g i o n .Th e s ea r t e f a c t ss u p p or ta ni d e a lo fma s sEu r o pe a nt r a d e u n l i mi t e db yki n g d o m. o Thel a c ko fe s t a b l i s he dc h u r c h e si mp l i e st h a t c o ns i s t e n ti n h a bi t a n t swe r en o te x p e c t e d , at o wnorv i l l a g eofs i mi l a rs i z ewo ul dbel i k e l yt oh a v es o mes o r to fr e l a t i ont ot h e Ch u r c h. Th eDo r e s t a dCa s e o Asnot e do nt hema p, Do r e s t a di sc on s i d e r e do n eo ft h emo s t , i fno tt h emo s t , s i g n i fic a n te x a mp l eo fa ne mpo r i umd uet ot hen u mb e ra n dd i v e r s i t yo fa r t e f a c t s f o u n d . o Dor e s t a d ’ sc e n t r a l i s e dl o c a t i ona i d e di t sd e v e l o pme n ti nt oap r o mi n e n te mp or i u m o Howe v e r , J o h nMo r e l a n da n dRo b e r tVa nd eNo o r t a r guet h a tma n yn o t ewo r t h y a r t e f a c t sf r o mt h es i t e , o f t e nc i t e da se x a mpl e so ft h ed i v e r s ea n de x pe n s i v eg o o d s 2 mo v i n gt h r ou g ht h ep o r t , we r ea c t u a l l yp r o d uc e dwi t h i nDo r e s t a di t s e l f .Th i sma k e s Do r e s t a dl e s se x c e p t i on a la n dj u s tawe l l pr e s e r v e dmo de lo ft h eno r m. Th eFa l lo fEmp o r i u ms

o J e r e myHa s l a ms t a t e dt h a tt hec o l l a p s eo fe mp o r i umsc l o s e l yf o l l o we dt hep ol i t i c a l c r i s i si nMe r c i aa n dCa r ol i n gi a , t h e or i s i n gt h a tb yt h e8 3 0 st h e ywe r eon l yt r a d i n gl o w

1

2

Amanda Kelly. “The Discovery of Phocaean Red Slip Ware (PRSW) Form 3 and Bii Ware (LR1 Amphorae) on Sites in Ireland—an Analysis within a Broader Framework.” Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section C: Archaeology, Celtic Studies, History, Linguistics, Literature, 110C (2010), Pp. 35–88. John Moreland and Robert Van De Noort. “Integration and Social Reproduction in the Carolingian Empire.” World Archaeology, 23.3 (1992), Pp. 320–334.

3 c o s t , a g r i c u l t u r a l g oo d swi t h i nt he i ro wnr e g i on s . Th i si ss u p po r t e db yt h ep r i ma r y r o u t e wa y so fHa mwi ca n dLo n d onme e t i n ga t“ l a r g ee x t r a mu r a lma r k e t [ s ] ”a n dt h e d i s s o l ut i o no ft hei r o n s me l t i n gi n d u s t r y , wh i c hwou l dh a v eb e e nab y p r o d u c to ft he 4 r i c ht r a d ema r k e t .

o Dor e s t a dc o i n s , wh i c hf e a t u r e dt h ei ma g e so ft r a d es h i p s , s t o p p e dp r o d uc t i oni nt h e 8 5 0 s , r e fle c t i n gt h ed e c l i neo ft h ee mp o r i um. o Thedecl i n ema ya l s obeb l a me dont heVi ki n g swh obe g a nt or a i dma i n l a n dEu r o p ei n t h t h emi d9 Ce n t u r y .

o Si mo nCo u p l a n dr e f ut e dt h ea r g u me n tt ha te mp or i u mswe r ee xt i n c t b y8 5 0AD,

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a c kn o wl e d g i n gt ha twh i l ema n yh a db e e nc on v e r t e dt ot o wn s , Qu e n t o v i c , whi c hwa s 5 f o u n d e du n d e rt h eCa r o l i n gi a n s , e x p e r i e n c e dar e n a i s s a n c ea f t e r8 50AD. Co n c l u s i o n s o Empor i umsp r o v i d eag r e a t e ru n d e r s t a n d i n go ft h ec ommu n i c a t i o np o s s i bl edu r i n gt h e p e r i o d . Th e yh e l pt or e f u t et h et r a d i t i o n a lv i e wo fah i g h l yi s o l a t e dI r e l a n d , t h a tl a c k e d e x p o s u r et oc o n t i n e n t a lEu r o p e . o Asi sn o t e d , ac l e a rd a t eo fc o l l a ps ec a n n o tb ed e t e r mi n e da st h es i t e swe r eno t a b a n d o n e d ,b u ts i mp l ya d a p t e d . o TheVi ki n g swe r ea l s oi n s pi r e db yt h ee mp o r i u ms , a sOs l oa n dt o wnswi t h i nDe n ma r k b e g i nt or e s e mb l eCa r o l i n gi a ne mp o r i u ms .

I mag e2 :Wal l i ngf o r dAng l oSax o nbur h 

I n t r o d uc t i o n o Thei ma g eo fmo d e r nWa l l i n g f o r d , i sa ne x a mp l eo fa nAn g l oSa x o nb u r h , wh i c h we r ec r e a t e du n d e rKi n gAl f r e di na na t t e mp tt or e s i s tt hec o n s i s t e n tVi k i n ga t t a c k s .

o Thes e t t l e me n t swe r epl a n ne d , r e i n f o r c e d , a n dwa l l e d .Re mna n t so fWa l l i n g f or d ’ s

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3

4 5

wa l l sc a nb es e e ni nt h ei ma g e , t o wa r d st h ec e n t r ei nwh a tr e s e mb l e sal i n eo ft r e e s . o Bur h sr e p r e s e n tt h emo s ts i g n i fic a n te v i d e n c eo fa nAn g l o Sa x o nr e s i s t a n c et o i n v a s i o na n da r ee x a mp l e so ft h ed e v e l o p i n gc e n t r a l i s e dp o we r , c a p a b l eo fma s s o r g a n i z a t i o no v e rl a r g es t r e t c h e sofl a n d . Wa l l i n g f o r d

Jeremy Haslam. “Market and Fortress in England in the Reign of Offa.” World Archaeology, 19.1 (1987), Pp. 76–93. Jeremy Haslam. “Market and Fortress in England in the Reign of Offa.” Pp. 76–93. Simon Coupland. "Trading Places: Quentovic and Dorestad Reassessed." Early Medieval Europe, 11.3 (2002), Pp. 209-232.

o Di s c o v e r i e si na n da r o u n dWa l l i n g f o r ds u p p o r tah ypo t he s i st h a tt h es e t t l e me n tp r e 6 d a t e si t se s t a b l i s hme n ta sab u r h ,p o s s i b l yd a t i n gb a c kt ot h eBr o n z eAg e . Thea r e a s b u r h si n h a b i t e da r ec l e a r l ywe l l t e s t e d , s t r a t e gi cl o c a t i o n s , c r e a t i n gah i s t o r i c a l p r e s i d e n tf o rt h e i rp l a c e me n t . Th i sd e mo ns t r a t e sKi n gAl f r e d’ sd e pt hofkn o wl e d g eo f t h el a n da n da na wa r e n e s so fac o mmu n a lp a s t .

o Bur h s , i n c l u di n gWa l l i n g f o r d , we r epl a c e dn e a rma j orr i v e r s , a l l o wi n gt h es t r u c t u r e st o

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a c ta sabl o c k a d ef o rt h ep o pu l a t i o nwi t h i nt h ewa l l s , b u ta l s ot ot h o s ef a r t h e rup 7 r i v e r .Wa l l i n g f o r df o r msane c e s s a r yb o u n da r yi nt her i v e rTh a me s . Bu r h si nGe n e r a l o J e r e myHa s l a mp r o p o s e st h a tb u r h ss e r v e da sa ne s s e n t i a l s e a t o fbo t hc i v i la n d 8 e c c l e s i a s t i c a la d mi n i s t r a t i o n .Thi sh y p o t h e s i si sh i g h l yl o g i c a la sma i n t a i n i n g p o l i t i c a la n dr e l i gi o u spo we rwa se s s e n t i a lt op u b l i co r d e r , a n dwe r et h e r e f o r emo s t wo r t h yo fpr o t e c t i o n . o J . D. Ma d d i c o t tp o i n t st oKi n gAl f r e d ’ sa b i l i t yt oc o l l e c tr e n tf r o mt hec i t i z e nswh o l i v e dwi t h i nt h eb u r h sa ndt ot he i rs t r a t e g i cl o c a t i o na se v i de n c et h a tt h e ywe r e 9 p l a n ne d , p e r ma n e n ts e t t l e me n t s .Wh i l et h e ywe r emos tn e e d e dd u r i n gt hei n v a s i o n s , a d d i t i o n a lf or e t h o u gh twa sc l e a r l yu s e d , a ndt heb ur h swe r ei n t e n d e dt of u n c t i o ni nt h e l o n gt e r ma se c o n o mi ch u b s . Th i si sr e i n f o r c e di nt h eb u r hs ’c o n t e mp o r a r ys u r v i v a l ; t h e ywe r es u c c e s s f ul l ya d a pt e d .

o Bur h sa r ewe l ld i s t r i b u t e dt h r o u g h o u tAl f r e d ’ ski n g d o m,p a r t i c ul a r l yi nt hea r e a st h a t

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we r ee v e n t u a l l ye n c a p s ul a t e di nat r e a t yb e t we e nAl f r e da ndGu t h r um, f o r mi n gt h e 1 0 b o r d e ro ft heTh a me sa n dt h er i v e rLe a . Co n c l u s s i o n o Bur h sa r ee a r l ye x a mp l e so fs t r a t e g i c a l l yp l a n n e da n dc o n s t r uc t e di nf r a s t r uc t u r e . The y b e c a mee s s e n t i a le c on o mi c , r e l i g i o u s , a n dp o l i t i c a lc a p i t a l si nt h ec o n s ol i d a t i o nof p o we ri nAn gl o Sa x onEn g l a n d . o Theyar eap h y s i c a lr e mi n d e roft h er e s i s t a n c ea g a i n s tVi ki n gi n v a s i o na n df or ma ma r ko ft h eAn g l o Sa x o nc o u nt e rc u l t u r e .

I mag e5 :Cas he ls ar c o phag us 6 7 8 9 10

Tim Allen. “A Line of Time: Approaches to Archaeology in the Upper and Middle Thames Valley, England.” World Archaeology, 29.1 (1997), Pp. 114–129. J. R. Maddicott. “Trade, Industry and the Wealth of King Alfred: Reply.” Past &Amp; Present, 135 (1992), Pp. 164–188. Jeremy Haslam. “Market and Fortress in England in the Reign of Offa.” World Archaeology, 19.1 (1987), Pp. 76–93. J. R. Maddicott. “Trade, Industry and the Wealth of King Alfred: Reply.” Pp. 164–188. R. H. C. David. “Alfred and Guthrum's Frontier.” The English Historical Review, Vol. 97, 385 (1982), Pp. 803–810.

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I n t r o d uc t i o n

o TheCas h e ls a r c o p h a g u s , f o u n dwi t h i nCo r ma c ’ sCh a p e l , i sa ne x a mp l eo ft h e i n flue n c eo fVi ki n gc ul t u r eup o nI r i s ha r t . o Thes a r c o p ha g u sf e a t u r e su r n e s ;as t y l eo fd e c o r a t i o nma d ep o p u l a rb yt heVi ki n g s a n dn a me da f t e ro n eo ft h e i rc h u r c h e s , wh i c hh e a v i l yf e a t u r e st h eor n a me n t a t i o n .

o TheI r i s hs t y l ei sv e r ys i mi l a rwi t ht hee x c e pt i o no fi t sa d d e de l e me n to fs ymme t r y . 

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Or n a me n t a t i o n o Thecompl e xi t yo ft h ed e c o r a t i o ns u g g e s t st h a tt h et o mbwa sf o rs o me o n eo fn o bi l i t y , p o s s i b l yame mb e roft h eMa cCa r t h a i gf a mi l y , n a me l yTa dcMa cCa r t ha i g , wh od i e d 1 1 i n1 1 2 4 , pr i o rt ot h ec h a p e l ’ sc o n s e c r a t i o n . Th i sma i n t a i n sa ni d e a ll a i dd o wnb y Co r ma ch i ms e l f ,wh o , r a t h e rt h a nd e di c a t i n gt h ec h a p e lt oas a i nt , a l l o we dt h e l a n dma r kt ob e a rhi sn a me . Th i sl a b e le x c e e d st h ee xp e c t a t i ono fp a t r o na n ds t r e t c h e s i n t ob r a g g i n g . o Theur n e s ’d e s i g n sa r eh e a v i l yb a s e du p ont heSc a n dn e v a g i a nmo d e l , n o t a bl ef o ri t s t wi s t i n gf o r ms , h o we v e r ,t h ef e a t u r e da n i ma l sa r ef r o m ad i ffe r e nto r i g i n . Pe t e r Ha r b i s o na c kn o wl e d g e swh i l er e vi e wi n gt h ewo r ko fGr i ffinMu r r a yt h a tt heu s eo f i d e a l i s e da n i ma lf o r msi sar e f e r e n c et oa ne a r l i e r“ g o l d e na g e ”o ft h eBo o ko fKe l l s t h t h a n dt h eAr d a g hc h a l i c e , c o n c l u d i n gb yc a l l i n gt h ewo r ko ft h e1 1a n d1 2c e nt u r ya 1 2 Hi b e r n o Ur n e ss t y l e . Th eWi de rCo nt e xtWi t h i nt h eCh a p e l o Thechapeli sa nu n u s u a lmo d e l ;i tu s e sGe r ma n , En gl i s h, a n dI r i s ha r c h i t e c t u r e , a n d wi t ht h ei n c l u s i o no ft hes a r c o p h a gu s , o r n a me nt a t i o nf r o mt h eVi ki n g s . Th i ss u g g e s t s a nI r i s ha wa r e n e s so fe x t e r i o rc u l t u r e sa n dade s i r et oe mb r a c et h e m, t h e s es t y l e sd o n o ts e e m ma n d a t e d , b utr a t h e rs t r a t e g i c a l l yus e d. Thi sh e l p st or e f u t ea ni d e a lo fa n i n v a d i n gf o r c eo fVi ki n g so rNo r ma n sf o r c e f u l l yc on v e r t i n gt h eI r i s ht oa na r t i s t i c c a n o n . o Theus eo fVi ki n go r n a me n t a t i o ni sa c c o mp a n i e db yRo ma ne s q u ep a i n t i n gs , wh i c h o n c ec o v e r e dt h ewa l l s , a n da r eh i g h l yr e mi n i s c e n to ft h o s ep o p ul a r i z e do nt h e 1 3 c o n t i n e n t . Ag a i n ,i two u l da p p e a rt h a tCo r ma c ’ sc h a p e lf o r msas o r tofp e t r id i s hf o r e x p e r i me n t a lEu r o p e a na r ta n da r c h i t e c t u r e . Co n c l u s i o n

11

Jenifer Ní Ghrádaigh. “Christ on the Cross in Early Medieval Ireland.” Archaeology Ireland, 23.4 (2009), Pp. 26–30.

12 13

Peter Harbison. “Review: The Cross of Cong” Archaeology Ireland, 29.1 (2015), Pp. 49–49. Roger Stalley. “Solving a Mystery at Cashel: The Romanesque Painting in Cormac's Chapel.” Irish Arts Review Yearbook, 18 (2002), Pp. 25–29.

o Thes a r c o p ha g u sr e p r e s e n t sami c r o c o s mo fc u l t u r a la n da r t i s t i ce x p e r i me n t a t i o n wi t h i nI r e l a n d , a sd o e sCo r ma c ’ sc h a p e la sawh o l e .Co mmu ni c a t i o n , i n v a s i o n ,a n d c o n s c i o u sd e c i s i o nma ki n gp r o mp t e dt het h ee v o l u t i onoft h eI r i s ht r a d i t i on , wh i c h i n c o r po r a t e de l e me n t sf r o ma c r o s sEu r o p e .

Bibliography Allen, Tim. “A Line of Time: Approaches to Archaeology in the Upper and Middle Thames Valley, England.” World Archaeology, Vol. 29, No. 1, 1997, Pp. 114–129. Coupland, Simon. "Trading Places: Quentovic and Dorestad Reassessed." Early Medieval Europe, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2002., Pp. 209-232 Davis, R. H. C. “Alfred and Guthrum's Frontier.” The English Historical Review, Vol. 97, No. 385, 1982, Pp. 803–810. Harbison, Peter. “Review: The Cross of Cong” Archaeology Ireland, Vol. 29, No. 1, 2015, Pp. 49–49. Haslam, Jeremy. “Market and Fortress in England in the Reign of Offa.” World Archaeology, Vol. 19, No. 1, 1987, Pp. 76–93. Kelly, Amanda. “The Discovery of Phocaean Red Slip Ware (PRSW) Form 3 and Bii Ware (LR1 Amphorae) on Sites in Ireland—an Analysis within a Broader Framework.” Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section C: Archaeology, Celtic Studies, History, Linguistics, Literature, Vol. 110C, 2010, Pp. 35–88. Maddicott, J. R. “Trade, Industry and the Wealth of King Alfred: Reply.” Past &Amp; Present, No. 135, 1992, Pp. 164–188. Moreland, John, and Robert Van De Noort. “Integration and Social Reproduction in the Carolingian Empire.” World Archaeology, Vol. 23, No. 3, 1992, Pp. 320–334. Ní Ghrádaigh, Jenifer. “Christ on the Cross in Early Medieval Ireland.” Archaeology Ireland, Vol. 23, No. 4, 2009, Pp. 26–30.

Stalley, Roger. “Solving a Mystery at Cashel: The Romanesque Painting in Cormac's Chapel.” Irish Arts Review Yearbook, Vol. 18, 2002, Pp. 25–29....