SOC 105 Nick Wilson PDF

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Maisha Tabassum ID# 112098768 SOC 105 Midterm #2 Aggregates= together but no significant interaction or identification with one another. People who might share a setting for interaction, but not actually undertake it—they might practice civil inattention. Groups = a collection of people who regularly interact with one another on the basis of shared expectations concerning behavior and who share a sense of common identity. 2 kinds. Primary- intense, emotional, usually face-to-face interaction and a strong sense of commitment (family, church, rigorous sports team). Secondary groups-less intense versions of primary groups (distant relatives, abstract humanistic belief, “Red Sox nation”).In-groups and out-groups and reference groups-Us (in-group) them (out-group) distinction- a sense of belonging to a group.Paradox of group growth-bigger group, more stable, less intense individual relationship:1friendship vs a group,Independent Contractors vs a corporation,an artistic collaboration(Yeezy and Chance the Rapper) vs an “artist’s collective”(the WuTang Clan). Coercion & conformity- Asch, Milgram. Max Weber: modern societies increasingly bureaucratized ( rationalized and subject to the regulation of large organizations following very specific rules).“ideal type”- Clear-cut hierarchy,Written rules governing conduct of officials,Fulltime and salaried officials,Separation between organizational and private life,Organizational ownership of means of production.Formal Organizational Dysfunctions-1.the organization may pay “lip service” to its stated goals but may do very different things informally(decoupling).2.people face surveillance. Network- [N* (N-1) / 2].Network closure:How did global trade emerge?Merchant captains had an incentive to sail to new ports, connecting them to a global trade network. Homophily:Why do issues tend to get so polarized in political Discussions? birds of a feather flock together.Contagion:How do emotions spread?(Along networks).Brokerage:Why are certain actors in networks more powerful than others? they stand along the only path to connect people in a network.weak ties- (ties between friends-of-friends) that connect distant networks, crucial informal means of collecting information and getting exposed to opportunities.digital communication: may allow people to control their front and back stages more effectively,& manage multiple identities.(Catfishing, trolling, terrorism).digital communication b/c it’s so easy may also allow for breakdowns of (FOIL and Stony Brook email; think before you reply all).Facebook’s “core values”:1. “Build Social Value: Facebook was created to make the world more open & connected, not just to build a company build real value for the world in everything they do.2. Move Fast:losing “opportunities” =$ & market share. Social media and the internet can facilitate connection, but it can also make interactions more superficial & atomized.Atomization and Interaction-Internet communications rarely allow the full range of ongoing interaction, which moderate the content of what is being said.The internet allows communication with very sparse networks of interestgood (video game enthusiast bulletin boards) OR ill (terrorisms and extreme political recruitment).The internet seems to provide for new forms of freedom and creativity,but can also enable even more systematic forms of discipline and surveillance & is heavily dependent on forms of unequal access to it and to the technical skills necessary to succeed.Norms-rules of conduct that specify appropriate behavior in a given range of social situations,come from the connection among social structures, identities, and social interactions & rely on interpretation and meaning. Modern societies (both in the developing world and contemporary industrial societies)=characterized by subcultures(values and norms distinct from those of the majority, held by a group within a wider society)-Gangs, communes, live action role-playing. sanctions- any positive or negative reaction to a behavior,can be formal or informal, ranging from subtle social cues to physical restraint or even death.(negative): stinkface, shouting at someone, traffic ticket, prison, execution.(positive): smiling, pat on the back, praise, cash prize, public recognition, Presidential Medal of Freedom.Crime-any actions that contravene the laws established by a political authority.US, “felonies”) bad.(major): aggravated assault, (some) fraud, rape, murder.(minor): jaywalking, speeding, failing to come to a complete stop at a stop sign. Deviance-modes of action that do not conform to the norms and values held by most members of a group or society.(gun culture in the US).Rational choice theory adopts a utilitarian belief that humans are reasoning actors who weigh means and ends, costs and benefits, in order to make a rational choice(Cornish and Clarke). Control theory-fighting crime means decreasing opportunities to steal or commit violent crimes (target hardening) & punishing any crime aggressively (zero-tolerance policing),extremely expensive and usually focuses on outgroup populations.Conflict Theory-Derivative of Marxist theories of class conflict.Functionalist Theories-Durkheim-crime and deviance can come from “anomie,” or a lack of social regulation.As the pressure of social norms weakens, people are more likely to break them but, deviance is also an opportunity for society to reassert its values. (Obama(after a mass shooting,in Hesston Kansas):“We cannot become numb to this.)Ohlin- Crime is caused by the existence of subcultures where it is accepted.Deviance from dominant cultural norms is “conformity” to local subculture. Merton-Society endorses overall values (“work hard and you’ll achieve”) but doesn’t provide equal means to achieve. People can respond to this situation in one of five ways. First step act of 2018-crime and deviance disparities. The Mark of a Criminal Record” (Pager, 2003). social positions are stratified, such that material or symbolic rewards are unequally distributed. structured inequalities-patterns in social structures tend to feed unequal distribution.true sources of social classIncome, Wealth,Occupation &. Education.disagree over lifestyle.for Marx surplus value- the ultimate source of all “return on investment” and “interest payments” in capitalism. Over time, the gap between rich and poor will widen, and conditions for workers will become increasingly miserable-The first part of this sentence has generally been substantiated by Piketty’s Capital in the 21st Century. Weber-Class locations are structured by economic position, but it is more complicated than that! Difference economic positions also have very different sets of skills (examples: welders, managers) that get them privileges and rewards compared to other members of their class.People are also stratified by status (the social honor or prestige that other accord them), so that someone can be relatively “high class” and still not a capitalist (example: member of the clergy)..Davis and Moore-Society is stratified because we need to reward rare and socially important talents better than more common ones(still held by economists today) Erik Olin Wright-Economic resources are threefold- Investments or money capital,Physical means of production, & Labor power.White-collar and professional employees (much of the “new economy”) are in contradictory class locations, in that they share aspects with both labor and capital.Income-Usually best measured in real income, adjusted for inflation (under typical modern economic conditions, the same amount of money loses its purchasing power over time).Lifestyle (Anette Lareau)-There is a difference in how working class and middle class parents behave towards their children.Working class parents practice “the development of natural growth”Children are not expected to “reason” or negotiate when talking to their parents.Middle class parents practice “concerted cultivation”From an early age, children “reason” and negotiate with their parents.Lifestyle (Pierre Bourdieu)The cultural “taste” people express is heavily classdependent.Social class, in turn, is determined both by how much money you have (economic capital) and how much of a connoisseur you are (cultural capital). social mobility, the movement of individuals or groups between different social positions.Intergenerational mobility (children move up or down relatively to their parents).Intragenerational mobility (over the course of a “personal career,” or one’s working life and dotage).Exchange mobility (“one-for-one” mobility where people must “exchange” positions in a system of fixed resources and size).Structural mobility (as the system as a whole gets richer or poorer, people have more or fewer opportunities.Determinants of Mobility- Pierre Bourdieu-The cultural capital.Absolute poverty = the minimal requirements necessary to sustain a healthy existence. Relative poverty = poverty defined in terms of the standards of mainstream society.Sources of Global Inequality-Market oriented theories,Let the chips fall where they may,Governments should stay out of economic development,Following a high-income growth pattern will lead to the same result (modernization theory),Rostow: people in the developing world are lazy and don’t plan for the future • Today, there are two key theories driving world policy,Neoliberalism is a variety of this market-oriented approach.Key actors: The World Bank, International Monetary Fund, some states. Economic nationalism” seeks to use governments to erect protections, deconstruct international market(Trumpian rhetoric against outsourcing, “Brexit”).feminism theories-Functionalism-division of labor. Murdock (1949).libreal-civil right issue. Radical-result of patriarchy.black- different

Maisha Tabassum ID# 112098768 SOC 105 Midterm #2 version. Postmodern- reconstructed constantly. Occupational segregation-Glass ceiling for women, Glass escalator for men.UN Commission on the Status of Women (founded 1946).Comparable worth policies”Use a bureaucratic procedure to set wages for different jobs, indifferent to men and women,Equal rights amendment,Proposed constitutional amendment to guarantee equal rights for women.Passed in 1972, but failed ratification by states in 1979,More general: educate women everywhere. Ethnicity=cultural values and norms that distinguish the members of a given group from other.Common modes of distinction: language, dress, shared history, religion, ancestry.Race (differences in human physical characteristics used to categorize large numbers of individuals) is a subset of ethnicity.variations in how groups look, variations in dress, language. Race is special in that (in the contemporary world) it that it most commonly implicitly or explicitly fits into a strong hierarchy.At a minimum, one race is usually at the top of the social hierarchy by status and economic measures.When racial groups are relatively disadvantages economically and socially (even though they may be numerically largest), we call them a minority group. Prejudice=the holding of (positive or negative) preconceived ideas about an individual or group, which are resistant to change even in the face of new information.Difference from “heuristic” or “stereotype” because they’re “resistant to change” Racism = the application of prejudice to race. Institutional racism = patterns of discrimination based on ethnicity that have become embedded in existing social institutions.Similar concept to “patriarchy” in radical feminism. Effect matters, not intent.Before 1960, people’s race was chosen by the census-taker, but after that people self-identify. In 2000, people were allowed to select more than one race. In 2020, for the first time since 1900, “Negro” will not appear as a census category. Categories that have appeared in various censuses since 1790 as categories for “race”: “Aleut,” “Hindu,” “Mulatto,” “Quadroon”. Slaves were emancipated in 1863, and the 13th amendment to the Constitution abolished slavery in 1865. Period of “reconstruction” defeated in the South by the 1870s, and “Jim Crow” segregation measures firmly in place by the end of the 20th century, along with a regime of racial terror including widespread lynching. post-WWII migration of blacks from South to northern cities, largely “pulled” by manufacturing jobs. Widespread protest and civil disobedience (primarily in the American South) lead by men and women like Martin Luther King Jr. peaks in the U.S. Civil Rights act of 1964 and continues to today.Assimilation = the acceptance of a minority into the majority, where the minority takes on the norms and values of the majority.The problem of the “rule of colonial difference. Melting pot→differences mix together as groups come in contact with one another. Pluralism→groups stay separate but all may participate in economic life. Multiculturalism→groups are separate but also equal. Retrenchment→return to regimes of racial apartheid.Power- ability of individuals or the members of a group to achieve aims or further the interests they hold. When power is “legitimate” (justified by widely shared beliefs) it is called authority (power rightfully exercised).Almost all existing states today are (at least nominally) nation-states, but they got there from very different paths. Forced expropriation and homogenization at different points in history • Eg: France (in the 19th century) and the former Yugoslavia (in the 1990s). Big ethnic differences overlaid by rituals creating a common identity (plus violent expropriation) Examples: the United States and Britain. Anticolonial nationalism (where an educated elite is strongly motivated by nationalism, but the peasantry doesn’t necessarily follow)• Eg:India. Punchline: nationalism is an ideal seldom realized, and it is a historical invention, not a reflection of “timeless” communityThe Composite Structure of U.S. Authority---Federal level1.Executive (U.S. President and executive departments like State department or the Department of Justice). 2.Legislative (U.S. House of Representatives [currently 435 voting seats) determined by population and the U.S. Senate [100 voting seats] given two per state).3.Judicial (U.S. Supreme Court composed of 9 life-appointed justices confirmed by the senate) --State level (excluding protectorates and territories, e.g., Puerto Rico).Similar breakdown of authority to the Federal government, but most actions usually under the control of and subject to federal authority. This is via constitutional questions (via appeal to the Supreme Court) and funding/regulatory authority (via things like Federal Highway Grants and Welfare Grants). Example: National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984.Controls much education policy, as well as day-to-day health and welfare provision.--Local Level-Group of Cities, Metropolitan Authorities, Counties, Villages, Incorporated Towns, etc.,Controls provision of extra funding for schools, municipal services (garbage, public transit) and most policing,Funded mainly through extra taxes like property and consumption taxes,In some cases, quite large (eg: NYC).Liberal/Progressive-support higher social spending and an “ethic of social protection” resulting in liberal or progressive attitudes towards social issues (immigration, women’s rights, minority protection, etc.).Sometimes called “equality of outcome”.Conservative-support strict budgetary controls and an “ethic of personal responsibility” resulting in more conservative attitudes towards social issues. Sometimes called “equality of opportunity.Echo Chamber-Media landscape is now highly fragmented, and people can practice “homophily”—talking to and consuming media from people who already agree with them. Over time, this leads to “shutting out” alternative viewpoints.Think of unfriending your Uncle Roy. Diminished Democracy (Skocpol)-Voluntary organizations have been pushed aside for nationalized, professionalized interest groups and lobbyists (on both the left and right).“Rather than volunteer, please donate!”Gives rise to single-issue organizations (and hard cores of single-issue voters; e.g., abortion, guns) and a demobilized electorate.Populism: a strategy of political appeal that divides society into a “pure people” against a “corrupt elite,” and that privileges popular sovereignty above all else.Command economy- Someone plans how that happens—who produces what, and to whom it goes • Example: Soviet/communist production. Free markets-The play of supply and demand is allowed to set a “fair” price, whatever that is • Example: libertarian ideology.Phases in development of corporate capitalism-Family capitalism (entrepreneurial families),Managerial capitalism (technical experts),Welfare capitalism (corporation-as-state),Institutional capitalism-A diffuse network of capitalist firms span nearly the entire economy.People don’t invest in individual business, but rather composites of market sectors.From Fordism to Post-Fordism- Fordism-Mass production for mass markets, Tayloristic scientific management of workforce and streamlining of factory production, Standardization and mass-marketing of products “They can have whatever color of car they want as long as it’s black”.Post-Fordism-Flexible production for sometimes-niche markets, “Nimble” turn from one kind of product to another; quick turnarounds From standardization to customization. Casualization – fewer workers have union protection or long-term guarantees of employment. More and more are contract workers, to whom the costs of healthcare, getting to and from work, etc., are shifted—think Uber!Outsourcing – workers in the C.I.W. tend to be very expensive compared to people in emerging economies, so businesses shift production to places where it’s cheaper.This is now happening within the developing world: China→Vietnam. informal economy – some now work outside of formal employment, either as low level contractors (semi formal) or in ways not formally reported (etsy, mowing lawns)

Maisha Tabassum ID# 112098768 SOC 105 Midterm #2

Maisha Tabassum ID# 112098768 SOC 105 Midterm #2...