Sociologystudyguide - SOC 105 Study Guide Exam 1 PDF

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SOC 105 Study Guide Exam 1...

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SOC.105 S’18: STUDY QUESTIONS FOR 1st EXAM 1. As a formal field, sociology is a relatively ___young/new_________ discipline. 2. What “enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society” according to C.W. Mills? -sociological imagination 3. Sociology is the study of: -group level dynamics and social structures/ study of human society 4. Who developed the theory of positivism? -Auguste Comte 5. Positivism is best defined as: -Sociology is like a physical science, therefore we can use the scientific method to best solve it. 6. Who are known as “the founding fathers of the sociological discipline”? -Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx, Max Weber 7. Which founder of sociology is known for having his writings become the basis of Communism? -Karl Marx 8. Who wrote The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism? -Max Weber 9. The author of The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism argued that sociologists should study social behavior from the perspective of the people engaging in it. This is known as_____________ -Verstehen 10. What is the study of social meanings that emphasizes subjectivity in understanding human behavior? -Interpretive Sociology 11. The Division of Labor in Society was the first of many sociological contributions from ____________ -Emile Durkheim 12. According to Suicide, one of the main social forces leading to suicide is a sense of normlessness that results from drastic changes in society. This normlessness was called __________ -Anomie 13. The basic premise of the Chicago School was that human behavior and personalities are shaped by social and physical environments. This is known as ___________ -Social ecology 14. The Chicago School’s main laboratory for sociological research was the city of Chicago itself because: -The population was rapidly growing due to foreign immigration and the influx of African Americans from the rural South 15. Charles H. Cooley argued that the “self” emerges from how an individual interacts with others and then interprets those interactions. He calls this ________________ -The looking glass self

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16. “If men define situations as real they are real in their consequences” is the theory of which Chicago School theorists? -W.I. Thomas 17. The Chicago School’s Jane Addams founded the first American settlement house, an institution to help the poor by offering aid, educational services, and more. This house is known as_________ -Hull House 18. Who was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University? -W.E.B. Du Bois 19.A white person goes into an upscale shop to look at clothes. (S)he is excited to see that there is a sale and gathers a huge pile of clothes to take into the dressing room. An African American goes into the store and is excited about the sale, but hesitates to take many clothes into the dressing room, afraid that staff will think he or she might shoplift. W. E. B. Du Bois would say that the African American has ________________ -Double Consciousness 20. Two words that might describe the difference between conflict theory and functionalism are: -Competition vs. Consensus 21. In contrast to functionalism, which modern sociological theory borrows from Marx’s belief that competition, not consensus, is the essential cause of social change? -Conflict Theory 22. Which modern sociological theory examines how power relationships are defined, shaped, and reproduced on the basis of gender differences? -Feminism 23. Which modern sociological theory explains social behavior by examining the meanings that social signals and signs represent to individuals? -Symbolic interactionism 24. Erving Goffman used the language of theater to describe how people present themselves in everyday social life. This is known as ______________. -Dramaturgical Theory 25. What do symbolic interactionists study? -Shared Meaning -Language as a symbol 26. Which modern sociological theory argues that there are no shared, objective meanings? -Post modernism 27. Postmodern sociologists argue that all so-called objective phenomena are open to debate because all meaning is subjective. Thus, to postmodernists, all “facts” are ______ -social constructs

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28. ______________ focuses its analyses on face-to-face encounters and interactions. -Microsociology 29. ______________ focuses its analyses on larger social dynamics at the societal and structural levels. -Macrosociology 30. The two broad approaches social scientists use to gather data about the social world are______________ -Qualitative and Quantitative 31. The research method that uses statistical analysis to describe the social world is: -Quantitative Method 32. What type of research describes people’s behavior in rich detail and focuses on the meanings people give to their actions? -Qualitative Research 33. Elizabeth would like to conduct a study to determine how women define spousal abuse and the meanings they attach to their abuse. What research method will Elizabeth most likely use? -Qualitative Research 34. What is the deductive approach to research? -A researcher starts with a theory, forms hypotheses, makes empirical observations, and then analyzes the data. 35. Paula begins to notice there are patterns to where people sit on the bus, and that these patterns differ depending on whether the rider is male or female. Based on these observations she generates larger ideas (theories) about why men and women differ. This is an example of which kind of research approach? -Inductive (starts with empirical obs. and then form theory) 36. When one factor is said to influence another factor, we refer to this as: -Causality 37. Professor Clayton hypothesizes that travel to other countries increases students’ abilities to do well in advanced sociology classes. Which variable is the independent variable? -Travel to other countries 38. The three factors needed to establish causality are: -Correlation -Time Order -Ruling out alternative explanations

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39. Andy hypothesized that the stress created during economic downturns would increase the probability of spousal abuse. Stress would be considered the ____independent________ variable, and spousal abuse would be considered the ____dependent________ variable. 40. To define a term (or variable) in such a way so that it can be examined and measured is the process known as_____operationalization_____________ 41. A standard yardstick measures 36 inches, but Sarah is using a “faulty” yardstick (one that measures 40 inches long) to measure the campers in her youth group. Sarah will not get a(n) __valid__________ indication of height, but she will have a(n) _____reliable_______ measure of height. 42. The extent to which a researcher can claim that his or her findings explain a larger population than was studied is known as: -Gernalizability 43. LeeAnn is a graduate student in sociology who is studying media depictions of gun violence in popular films such as Rambo and Scarface. Her choice of methods is known as ______________________ -a content analysis 44. Rogers Brubaker (1992) studied the notions of citizen and statehood in both France and Germany. His method of research is known as: -comparitive research 45. The social science concept that means that a change in one factor results in a direct change in another factor is known as _________ -causality 46. The two general categories of sociological research are known as _________ -Deductive & Inductive 47. If Kate approaches sociological research with a theory, then forms a hypothesis and makes empirical observations, what method is she using? -Deductive Approach 48. The ____________ approach to sociological research starts with empirical observations and then works to form a theory. -Inductive Approach 49. The statement “people with higher levels of income tend to enjoy better overall health” is an example of the association known in social research as _________ -Correlation 50. What is needed to establish causality? -correlation, time order, ruling out an alternative explanation 51. In social research, a false relationship or alternative explanation is known as ______ -spurious relationship 52. Martine is a sociologist who thinks that A is causing B, when in fact, B is causing A. She needs to be careful to not make the mistake known as _____________ -reverse causality

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53. A variable that is thought to be influenced by another variable is known as the: -dependent variable 54. What does “reflexivity” mean with regard to social research? -being aware of the effects that researchers have on the processes and relationships they are studying 55. A testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables is called a(n)_____________________ -hypothesis 56. The subset of a population from which a researcher collects data is known as a ____________ -sample 57. If a researcher collects data from an entire population, this is called _______ -census 58. What is the meaning of the term “white coat” effects in social research? -the impact researchers may have on the people/relationships they study 59. Jackson is using newspaper articles daring from the early 1950s to study unofficial attitudes toward working women post-World War II. What research method is Jackson using to collect the information? -historical methods 59. Mitchell Duneier’s study of homeless men on New York City’s Sixth Avenue involved hanging out with his research subjects to collect data. This type of methodology is known as _____________ -participant observation 60. An ordered series of questions intended to elicit information from research respondents is known as _____________ -survey 61. A type of longitudinal study in which the same sample of respondents is tracked over a long period of time is known as __________ -panel study 62. Perhaps the most difficult method to apply to the social sciences, as compared with laboratory-based natural sciences, is/are ____________ -experimental methods 63. What are described as golden rules of ethical conduct in social research? -do no harm -informed consent -voluntary participation 64. Research subjects have a right to know that they are participating in a study and what the study consists of. This is known as ____________ -informed consent 65. A set of beliefs, traditions, and practices that is the total of the social categories and concepts that people embrace is one definition of _______________ -culture

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66. One of the two main categories of culture that includes values, beliefs, norms, and behaviors is known as ______________ -non-material culture 67. Everything in our constructed environment, including technology, buildings, furniture, clothing, and books, is part of _________ -material culture 68. Terms such as LOL, ;-), and LMAO demonstrate that: -technology itself can generate ideas and concepts -new language 69. A type of nonmaterial culture known as ____________ is a system of concepts and relationships sometimes used to understand cause and effect. -ideology 70. Galileo’s discovery that the earth revolved around the sun rather than standing at the center of the universe is an example of: -disprove ideology -shifting ideology 71. While they are difficult to define, ____________ are smaller subgroups within a larger dominant society that share some of the dominant cultural values, but also have some of their own, unique material and nonmaterial or symbolic culture. -subcultures 72. It is important to take into account differences across cultures without making value judgments. This is known as _________________ -cultural relativism 73. If __values__________ are abstract cultural beliefs, then ___norms_________ are how they are put into play. 74. The experience of learning a culture’s norms, values, and so on is known as ____________ -socialization 75. If a person judges another group by his or her own standards, he or she is being_________ -ethnocentric 76. The theory that states that culture is a projection of the social structures and relationships into the public sphere is known as _____________ -reflection theory 77. According to data presented in Chapter 3, by 1964, what percentage of U.S. households had a television set? -92% 78. Gramsci’s concept for the historical process in which a dominant group exercises moral and intellectual leadership by voluntarily receiving the approval and consent of the masses is known as ___________ -hegemony

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79. Gramsci’s concept for getting people to do what you want them to do by force and sometimes violence is known as ___________ -domination 80. Many Americans fear school shootings and terrorist attacks. This is due to the: -exaggerated frequency of the reports of these rarely occurring events 81. Jean Kilbourne’s college lectures and film, Killing Us Softly (2010), examine which issue? -sexism in the media - The way women are "maimed, sliced, raped, and otherwise deformed" in adverstising images 82. In the United States, six major companies, including Disney and Time-Warner, own what percentage of the media? -90% 83. Fewer and fewer groups own more and more of the media. The media can be said to be increasingly ______________ -centralized 84. Most broadcasting companies are privately owned in the US and are supported financially by advertising. This means they are likely to reflect the biases of their owners and backers. Knowing that the press is not free suggest that there is a: -political economy of the media 85. The belief that happiness and fulfillment can be achieved through the acquisition of material possessions is known as _________________ -consumerism 86. The act of turning media against itself, such as the actions of Rockin’ Rollen and Adbusters, is called________________ -culture jamming 87. The process by which people internalize the values, beliefs, and norms required to become functioning members of a given society is known as______________ -socialization 88. Which theory uses game playing to understand the development of self? -Mead’s role playing theory 89. Theories of socialization focus, in part, on how the “self” develops. According to your textbook, the “self” is: - the individual identity of a person as perceived by that same person. 90. Cooley’s theory of socialization states that the self develops from our interactions with others and their reactions to us. This theory is known as ________________ -looking glass self -social self 91. According to Charles Horton Cooley, we develop a self-concept by: -our self concept develops from interaction with others 92. Concepts such as I, me, and generalized other are part of which theorist’s work? -Mead’s 7

93. Which of the following best describes the difference between the “I” and the “me” in George Herbert Mead’s theory? -I is selfish and impulsive -Me is how we believe others see us 94. What is “generalized other”? -refer to our perception of how people in general think of us 95. Although there are many agents of socialization, four of the primary ones are________ -family, schools, peers, media 96. The popular television show, Sesame Street, was created with the explicit purpose of providing educational opportunities for low-income children. Being that this show was successful, we can argue that___________ -this approach works -the media serves as a powerful socializing agent 97. Annette Lareau, author of Unequal Childhoods, makes the compelling case for the existence of different parenting values and practices between working-class and middleclass families. How would you describe “concerted cultivation”? -is a parenting style that parents organize activities for their children depending on their talents 98. What is the “accomplishment of natural growth” according to Lareau? -Parenting children to respect authority, self- restrain, solve their own problems, and play a subordinate role to adults. 99. Military boot camps and prisons are places that control all of the basics of people’s day-to-day lives and are known as: -total institutions 100. __status__________ refers to a social position while ___role_________ designates socially expected behavior. 101. Who developed role theory as a way to examine social interaction? -Robert Merton 102. Janet has a paper due in her English class, a test in her sociology class, and field notes due in her anthropology class this week. She also needs to meet with her advisor to plan out classes for next semester. Janet is experiencing _____________ -Role strain 103. All of the statuses that an individual occupies at any given time constitute ______ -Status set

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104. What is “achieved status”? -voluntary statuses that we become over time -one we have earned through individual effort imposed by others -a status into which one enters, voluntary status 105. What is “ascribed status”? -status into which one is born; involuntary status 106. The expectations that Barbie dolls are for girls and G.I. Joe dolls are for boys are examples of: -gender roles 107. Today’s assumption that childhood represents a distinct phase in the life course stands in sharp contrast to notions of children as “little adults” popular in pre-industrial times. This example highlights _____________ -our notions of childhood are socially constructed 108. Which theory argues that people’s feelings and choices about how to act are based on shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions? -symbolic interactionism 109. Which theory contains concepts such as front stage and backstage and has its roots in the work of William Shakespeare? -dramaturgical theory 110. According to impression management, what does the backstage arena include? -where we are our “private selves” and where the real story takes place -private sleves 111. What is front stage? -Is the performance that we allow people to see 112. Front-stage mistakes, such as when your sociology professor can not get her power point to work, are known as _______________ -breaches 113. Saying “hello” when answering the phone signals the start of an encounter in the first bracket is known to the dramaturgists as ____________ -the opening 114. What is “ethnomethodology”? -term Harold Garfinkel used for developing a method for studying social interactions -“methods of the people” -studying human interaction

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-focus on the ways in which we have sense of the world, convey this understanding to others. 115. What did Harold Garfinkel and his students want to show when they devised “breaching experiments”? -reveal the presence of unspoken expectations that people in particular roles have on one another. -see what happens when they breach social norms -see if groups that were matched on important social characteristics would react differently when the independent variable was introduced. Short Essay Questions 1. What is the “sociological imagination”? Give an example of how it can be used. 2. According to Berger what makes sociological thinking particularly unique and exciting? Discuss with examples from the text. 3. How do the authors use the sociological concepts of “authorization”, “routinization”, “dehumanization” in explaining “The My Lai Massacre”? - Authorization: they were "given the authority to kill" the civilians at My lai, with the orders they received from the higher-ups. - Routinization: The soldiers were trained and routinely practiced to be "killing machines." That training to kill desensitized many of the US soldiers. - Dehumanization: Soldiers dehumanized the civilians of My Lai to reduce the cognitive dissonance they had about hurting/killing them; doing it made it "easier" for them to "follow through" with their "orders." 4. Which ethical standards of doing social research were violated in the Tuskegee syphilis study? Discuss with examples. 5. Why is it hard to know when a “fact is a fact” according to Cherlin? 6. How did Ewen and Ewen discuss the influence of mass media on the democratic political process? Do you agree with their analysis? 7. What does James Watson’s article on McDonald’s in Hong Kong show us about culture and the role of individuals in shaping culture? Discuss with examples. 8. What was Lareau’s main objective in undertaking her research project on different ways of raising children? How does she define her concepts of “concerted cultivation” an...