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Anthropology notes all the way through to the final exam. ...

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FINAL EXAM 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

The measure of success under natural selection - Number of offspring produced Anthropologists are interested in all humans and all times - Holistic Anthropology is tend to be called holistic - biological and cultural phenom Dominant sense of primates is - vision Which subfield of anthropology is concerned with past cultural systems - archeology To refer to something as a theory- has been supported with scientific evidence Which subfield is concerned with humans as a biological species- physical anthropology Mutations are - Source of new genetic material Physical anthropologists would be intended in what question? - Why do africans have dark skin 10. Most primates congregate in social groups - troops 11. Studying primates are - primatogilists 12. Darwins idea of evolution is called - natural selection 13. What defines the genus homo- increased brain size 14. Primate evolution has produced some morphological conditions- life in trees, oriole conditions 15. Differences in male and females in size - dimorphism 16. Which subfield of anthropology is concerned with communication- linguistic 17. ___ is the most important change in hominid evolution - bipedalism 18. The study of past culture and life-ways are - archeology 19. Perceptions and misperceptions are - enthocentlrism 20. FOUR SUB DISPLINCES ARE- PHYSICAL, LINGUISTIC, CULTURAL, ARCHEOLOGY 21. Which is the following is not a primate - none of the above 22. We spilt from chimpanzees how many years ago? - 7 million years ago 23. This fossilized animal modern brain - 3.2 million years ago LUCY 24. Paleoanthropolgists study? - fossils bones 25. Grooming to primates is- social 26. Gorillas use a bipedal locomotion called - knuckle walking 27. Appearing 2 million years ago, nick named the handy man, larger skulls, and tools Habilis 28. A lotoli footprints is at least 3.6 millions years old - true 29. Which anthropology deals with variation among societies - cultural anthropology 30. The characteristic of hominids that classification different - bipedalism 31. The use of anthropological data for modern problems - applied anthropology 32. The science of classification gives scientists - taxonomy 33. This fossilized dates to 4.6 millions years ago, wrist and ankles show she walked bipealaly, first hominid- Ardi 34. 200,000 all homospaiens had dark skin - true 35. Neatheral made it in the past - true

36. ___ refers to the rank or social status to compete successfully for food and partners dominance 37. What makes a theory of natural selection scientific - tested and repeatedly supported (PULLING 12 QUESTIONS)

EXAM 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Tools that are made out of more than one material - composite Oldowan industry is a characteristic of what time period- lower Paleolithic The ziggurats are - temples and administration buildings Eastern agriculture complex found in Eastern America - lost crops The Archaeic period is- North and South America What technological advances charaterisizes societies (Bronze Age) - medulurgy (metal) The state is defined as - institutionalized government and full time officials Which of the following characterized the fall of states - all the above as reasons for the fall of state societies 9. WHAT REFERS TO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ARTIFACT AND OTHER MATERIALS- CONTEXT 10. A societies technique acquiring food sources is - subsistencial patterns 11. One method for absolute dating is - radiocarbon dating 12. Which term best defines human activity behavior - material culture 13. What is an example of a feature found in archeological sites - fire hearth 14. When is research design completed? - a plan / to-do list, before going into field 15. Which of the following is an eco fact- carbonized seed remains 16. The final phase of archeology task- report writing 17. What was the first domesticated animal in the world - dog 18. Bifaces, blades, core - stone tool (lithic) 19. The upper Paleolithic time had what hominid- humans 20. It is essential during exuvation- archeology is destructive, write many notes as possible 21. Residue can help analysts by - remaining material (animal blood, sliica) 22. Mesolithic period was in - Europe 23. The important difference between domestication and cultivation of a plant - artificial selection 24. Domestication in the America is charaterized by what plants - corn and squash 25. The main characteristic defines hunting and gathering societies - mobile 26. Food production as a subsistence pattern developed - 10-12,000 years ago 27. Societies with differences of status and wealth is - social stratification 28. Argiculutral production led to the appearance of - craft specialization 29. Over time to food production - mortality decline, population and life expectancy increases 30. Characteristics of domestication including all the following except - egalitarian government 31. Domestication refers to - genetic modification 32. A foraging society depends on - wild resources

EXAM 3 1. 2. 3. 4.

In anthropology culture refers to what- learned behaviors Anthropological attitude should be describe - cultural relativism (definition) An extensive time anthropologist is collecting data - field work A unique research strategy of learning a language and participate- participating observation 5. The statue for federal projects to call Native Americans is called - NAGPA 6. The subfields for anthropology in America don’t include -geology 7. Someone concerned of management of archeological resources - CRM 8. Which of the following is an example of monocultural depenency - a single good coffee 9. Which of these is not a role of an anthropologist - litigator 10. The application of applied anthropological to crime scenes is- forensic anthropology 11. Medical anthropology is - intersection of cultural and physical anthropology 12. The ownership of human remains uncovered - cultural patrimony 13. Written by anthropologist that conducted field work- Enthographic research 14. Adjusting to a different society- cultural shock 15. Social stratification is - all of the above 16. Disipline of studying culture is - culture anthropology 17. Social learning is - one organism observes another 18. GLOBALIZATION DEFINTION 19. In order to understand the spread of globalization, which of the following is not a globatioization theory- succession theory 20. Imperialism is- policy aimed of seizing and ruling of a territory 21. One major demographic change in north and South America is - colonialism 22. Studying in asia we did not see - religous syncretism. 23. Abandonment of culture and language - ethnocide 24. In South Africa, colonization is known as - apartheid 25. Revolution is what - dramatic fundamental change 26. During the period of mercentalism the Spanish and porteguses led expeditions to america - true 27. In n america, the reduction of the Indians physical changing their culture and suppression - enthocide 28. Rites of passage - true 29. Royal title - ascribed status 30. Gender is the exact same as sex - false 31. Important feature of studying colonism middle and Asia, western world has been in contact with each other via silk road - true 32. One lasting effect in china is free and open trade market after Britain won opiod wars false 33. For subfield 3 conducting - insiders perspective EMIC 34. Applied anthropology use of meaning human existence - false 35. A social impact study is done after a law has been change -true

36. In todays world, athropologists is needed in areas where practices are harmful - true THURSDAY 9 AM

Applied Anthropology - Chapter 25 Applied Anthropology  

The use of anthropological data to offer practical solutions to modern problems and concerns — solve real world problems. Anthropology at work in non-academic settings

Roles of applied anthropology 

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Representative o Anthropologists is the spokesperson for a group; negotiate with government agencies Facilitator o Bring about change or development in a group; improve medical care, education, etc Informants o Anthropologists transfers cultural knowledge obtained from research to the government in order to promote a change Analyst o Looks at large amounts of data in order to formulate policy — ex, protection of cultural heritage Mediator o intermediary between interest groups involved in a project — must reconcile differences, makes compromises Business anthropology — HR and Marketing

Applied Physical Anthropology 

Forensic anthropologists o The application of physical anthropological data to law — study the skeletal remains in order to solve criminal cases o Estimate sex, age, stature, physical characteristics of an individual o Broken bones, even after healing, leave a trace on the bones for years; arthritis leads to bone change, trauma o Example: biological profile such as a middle aged white female with arthritis in the hands and healed arm fracture can narrow the search of missing persons reports

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Medical Anthropology o Intersection of cultural anthropology and physical anthropology; study disease, medicine, curing, mental illness in a cross cultural perspective o Epidemiology — spread and distribution of disease and how they’re influenced by culture o Study cultural perceptions of health, illness, and treatments o Ex: Louis golomb Thailand — problem: medicine and traditional healing offered differing assistance o Result: Thai ministry of public health combined western medicine with traditional practices

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Archaeological record = cultural heritage Promoting national heritage, cultural identity, and ethnic pride Irreplaceable, non-renewable resource Threatened by: o Illegeal excavations, selling artifacts = looting o Construction projects: necessitate quick recovery, excavation, or avoidance and maintenance of site Cultural resource management (CRM) o Applied archaelogists evaluating, salvaging, Cultural patrimony o Who owns the human remains, artifacts, and associated cultural materials that are recovered during research  Colonial governments amassed large collections of native objects and placed in museums  Scientific value was the rational for ownership

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Who owns the past??? 

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Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (1990) o Must consult with NA tribes before excavation o Must repatriate human remains and cultural items in museum, state collections The Elgin Marbles (parthenon frieze) o Kennewick man Improve societies through planned change Assist government, developers, or other agencies for ethnographic studies Social impact studies- research on the possible consequences that change will have on a particular community o Interviews in local communities to determine how policies may affect social life o Involvement with indigenous communities is a long-term commitment for many applied cultural anthropologists o Government wants modernization, social change rapidly

Interests of government sometime clash with anthropologists social impact studies o Projects such as highway expansion, mining, hydroelectric dams Cultural relativism o Cultural traditions must be understood within the context of that society; we suspend our own judgement temporarily Ethical relativism o The notion that we cannot impose our moral values onto other societies; what is right in our society may not be in another problem o Does that mean anthropologists must accept practices such as infanticide, slavery, etc.? Solutions o Use cultural relativism only to understand a cultural practice; doesn’t mean we accept it — context o Acknowledge power relationships: elites maintain control with harmful practices against their own people o adopt humanitarian standards focused on general well being of all humans Applied anthropology can help define universal standards of human rights Can help determine if cultural practices are harmful and then provide solutions Local people + local solutions = sustainable change o

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Case Study

Female genital mutilation     

No health benefits A rite of passage and often requisite for marriage Also seen as protection against rape Considered to be a human right violation UN, WHO have engaged with governments to promote policy change, but also partnering with local communities to educate people about these risks

Cultural Anthropology What have we already learned..??

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Anthropology = study of humans

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Physical anthropology = what we are: descended from our hominid ancestors o Archaeology = how we developed aspects of cultural

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Cultural Anthropology o Who we are today o The study of cultural variation among humans

Characteristics of Culture 

Society

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Culture

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Consists of patterns of relationships among people within a specific territory Sets of learned behaviors and ideas that humans acquire as members of society Can be seen in food, art, music

Culture is LEARNED!!! 

Enculturation o Process of social interaction through which people acquire and learn the ways of thinking associated with a culture o Americans eat big breakfast compared to other countries o Campus culture (WVU)

How do we learn?  

Situational learning o Trail and error learning Social learning o Occurs when one organism observes another organism respond to a stimulus and then that response is added to a collection of behaviors o Copying a persons action o Monkey see monkey do!!!

How do we learn?

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Symbol o Arbitrary meaningful units or models we use to represent reality; represent abstract notions Symbolic leanring o Our ability to use and understand symbols

Signs 

Signs o o o

Directly associated with concrete physical items or activities Road signs, tells you to do something Dogs can be taught some signs but NOT symbols

Culture is shared   

Culture consists of shared practices and understandings within a society Shared differently: men/women, adult/child, city/rural But the overall common culture is generally followed

Aspects of culture 

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Material culture o Physical products of human society, such as artifacts in archaeology or your cell phone, or notebooks Nonmaterial culture o Intangible products of human society, such as values, beliefs, and norms

Nonmaterial culture: Values 

Values The standards by which members of society define what is good or bad, holy or unholy, beautiful or ugly. o Widely shared assumptions that influence our behavior o Ex: american individualism vs amish cooperation an community o

Nonmaterial culture: beliefs

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More specific than values Beliefs o Specific descriptions of the nature of the universe and humanity place in it Example o Education is good = value o Multiple choice is the best way to evaluate students = beliefs

Nonmaterial culture: Norms 

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Norms o o

Societys rules of right and wrong behavior Shared rules or guidelines on how people should behave

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Individualism is an american value, thus our culture has many norms based on individual initiative such as being self-sufficient

Ex:

Types of Norms 

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Folkways o Informal norms guiding everyday life o So embedded tat they’re often not noticeable unless violated Mores o Much stronger norms o Members believe that mores are crucial for the maintience of society o Severe punishment o Mores think of morals.. strong ideas Examples: o Clothing  Wearing white to weddings vs. public nudity o Food  Chewing with your mouth open vs. cannibalism

Cultural Diversity   

Differences in values, norms, beliefs Ethnocentrism o Judging another society by the values and standards of ones own society Cultural relativism o Cultural traditions must be understood within the context of particular societies responses to problems or opportunities

Cultural Diversity Example: Food 

Basic need + cultural interpretation

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Can be used to make a statement about one’s religious beliefs, personal values Example : pigs and horsemeat

Cultural Diversity: Ethnicity 

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Ethnicity o Perceived differences in ancestral origins or descent and upon shared historical and cultural heritage Ethic group o A collective group of people who believe they share a common history, culture, or ancestry Cultural Universals

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Essential behavioral characteristics of societies that have been found all over the world Examples: o Dancing o Language o Incest taboo o Concepts about the soul o Folklore o Games o Funeral rites

RECAP: Culture 

Learned behaviors that humans acquire as members of society

Cultural norms  

Typical patterns of actual behavior Rules about how things should be done

Sociocultural System  

Society + Culture Sociocultural o A hybrid term used by many anthropologists when conducting ethnographic research o Ex: a doctor take into account a patients sociocultural background in order to relate treatment

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Provide insight into how cultural anthropologists do research on the universal characteristics of sociocultural systems Variables = cultural universals always present but can VARY between groups Ex: o food= subsistence patterns, environment interaction o Demography = birth, death patterns o Technology = tools, innovations, and material culture

Doing cultural anthropogly 

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Holistic approach o Take into account how all of these universals and variables interact and influence each other Research Design o A strategy formulated to examine a particular topic, specific methods and past research and archival data

Research Design: archival data 

Ex: Aztec codices o Pre colombian and contact era documents written by both native peoples and colonists detailing life in central america. o Useful for understanding the blending of native and European traditions

Ethnographic research and strategies 

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Ethnography o A description of a society written by an anthropology who conducted field research of that society o Step 1: write research design and obtain clearances/ permits for research o Step 2: take up residents in the study community to explore institutions and values o Participant observation: method that involved learning the language and culture of a group and participating in daily activities of the group o Key informants: trusted individuals who five the anthropologists insight into their own culture o Interviews: can be unstructured open questions or structured questions; used to collect data and gain insight into a culture Types of Data o Quantitative data: through structured interviews, the anthropologists collects information that can be expressed as numbers. o Ex: census data, dietary information, income

Qualitative data: through unstructured interviews, the anthropoglists collects nonstatistical data, tends to be the most important aspect of ethnographic research o Ex: religious beliefs, cultural narratives, social organization o

Differences between quantitative and qualitative data   

Differences in perspective!!! Etic perspective: outsiders objective, quatifiable data Emic: insiders view of his or her own society and culture

Ethnographic Research 

Culture shock o A severe psychological reaction that results from adjusting the realities of society radically different fr...