Social Attitudes PDF

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Summary

Attitudes are what we think. That is, thoughts, beliefs, ideas, opinions about the object of attitude (what the person believes). It can be positive or negative if i add up positive ideas i will have positive attitudes. Attitudes denote an opinion, position, intentions, and feelings or emotions that...

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SOCIAL ATTITUDES Attitudes denote an opinion, position, intentions, and feelings or emotions that accompany that intention or position. Attitudes are a takeon of a stance on certain events, people or objects. Definition: is a favorable or unfavorable predisposition towards objects of attitude. You can have attitudes about almost everything. The question would be what there is no attitudes about. Objects of attitude: people, animals, objects, situations, events, etc., towards which the attitude is directed. What's not relevant to you, you don't have an attitude to that. The important thing is why presenting certain attitudes (in favor of the condom) do not give certain behaviors. (use) Attitudes involve a position in the world on many issues, i.e. they involve an assessment: positive, negative or neutral attitudes. Attitude components: Cognitive Behavioral affective Attitude (predisposition, posture or evaluation) has 3 components: Cognitive: attitudes are what we think. That is, thoughts, beliefs, ideas, opinions about the object of attitude (whatthe person believes). It can be positive or negative if I add up positive ideas I will have positive attitudes. Affective or emotional: how we feel about each topic. It is the emotions, positive or negative feelings towards the object of attitude (whatthe person feels). thatsorry helps us explain the incongruity between attitudes and conduit. Behavioral or co-native: is that of conduct.. The behavior.Thatassociated with a certain attitude was studied based on intentions. They are the intentions and conduit towards the object of attitude (what the person is willing to do or affective/does).. By. Ex: think that condom is effective but then have positive feelings likethatwithout using it feels more pleasure; that can lead tothatnot to be used. That is, there is a lack of consistency between what they think and what they feel. The interest of psychologists in the attitude construct:

-influence behavior.- their analysis allows a better understanding and explanation of the behavior. Social. -help predict behavior. - know what others are going all. -its modification allows to influence the behavior. Of the others (persuasion) We have to see if the person behaves in a certain way it will be beyond the personal variables of some factors of the situation that favors such behavior. Attitudes are the pre-step ofbehavior., so if I know the attitudes it will be easier to know or predict the behavior. (by.Ex: if you know our attitude to war you can estimate the number of people that will go to the rally) Relationships between attitudes and behavior.: Negative attitudes --------- behaviors. Negative (by.Ex: Iraq war) Positive attitudes ---------- behaviors. Positive (by.E.g. condom) But this undisputed relationship between attitudes and behavior. It does not exist, butthere are some determinants of that relationship. We assume that attitudes play an important role in behavior.Butthatdon't always correlate. why and how do attitudes sometimes influence behavior.? 1)

Origin of our attitudes

The attitudes that derive from our personal experience, also this personal experience is framed in a social context, that is, attitudes are learned social/. (personal experience or observation)* *subliminal conditioning; muscle movements and attitude formation (come in readings but don't come in) Association-based learning (classic conditioning)- two associated stimuli... After the repetition of the association, the appearance of a stimulus conditions a certain response. (by.E.g. if each time that the mother sees an immigrant puts on a bad face and the child sees it: e (immigrant) ------- r (disliked). This negative attitude is copied) (by.E.g., negative attitudes to exams can be created because always that they're close they have anxiety, you don't eat, you don't rest, etc. Instrumental learning of attitudes- attitudes are learned when certain opinions, behaviors or opinions are adopted and a reward is received for it.

Having the ability to provide reinforcements or being that reference makes you able to be able to learn instrumental. (by.E.g., children do and criticize it that parents; when we grow up we have another reference group (formerly parents and now friends)). Vicar learning or modeling- attitudes are learned by taking into account the consequences that certain attitudes have for other people. Create my own attitudes based on the consequencesI've seenon people with those attitudes. (by.E.g. seeing the consequences of drug use on my friends makes that drink because makes them popular).) Learning by social comparison- we compare our attitudes with those of other people we like or appreciate to determine if they are correct behaviors. (by.Ex: if we compare our attitudes with those of others And it coincides, we thinkthatthis attitude is fine;butifbyon the contrary my attitudes do not coincide the situation is difficult to carry and you change your attitude) Relationship between attitude andbehavior.: Identifying the factors Most importantmodels studying this relationship What does this lack of attitude and behaviordependon.? (by. E.g. knowing the risks of not using a condom but not use) 1st situation (emotions, consequences; people) 2nd vs that haveto do with people 3rd attitudes (your own characteristics) Attitude-conduct.: Moderate factors of theattitude-behavior relationship.. when? 1-the situation 2-attitude features 3-people features 1-the social situation: -rules of the situation, which impose behavioural restrictions. I have an attitude against the death penalty, but I don't know what to do. The situation does not always favor expressing your attitudes. Not all men who are sexist manifest it;becausecontext doesn't allow it.

-situational conditions, by.E.g. time. Attitudes are used as a script for behavior. (schemas) If there is little time to analyze all attitudes we use them as schemes. Model of theattitude-behaviorprocess. (fazio,1989) (attitudes acting as schemes) If the attitude is positive towards helping, you buy pack of handkerchiefs just. I mean, attitude dominates. Sometimes, thanks to our attitudes we act without thinking, automatic /. We do a further analysis. Behaviorsappear. Consistent with attitude; that is, if we do not analyze it (the situation) this relationship is favored. -consistency between situation-attitude- if possible we choose situations or people according to our attitudes. (by.Ex: being in favor of nudism and going to nudist beaches) We look for situations where we express our attitudes and at the same time we can express more our attitudes in appropriate situations. It is a continuous search for situations and people that favor the expression of my behavior. 2-features of attitudes A)intensity- the most intense attitudes: They influence more about behavior. They are more resistant to change- the more developed ones. They're more stable They are more accessible (we have them more in mind; the ones we can remember) Intensity depends on its importance: Personal involvement-how much do I care about the subject? Personal identification—to what extent do you talk to me about attitudesrelevant to me and the group I belong to? Relevant personal values wouldn't unfavorable attitudes toward war be a little shallow? Since they were in a short time and heavily influenced by the media. B)methodological factors- measurement errors. Attitudes are actionated at the global level and behavior. At the specific level.

There has to be a compatibility to the extent, i.e. that attitudes are measured in the same way. Like measuring general attitudes with behaviors. Specific. This will make the relationship easier. It will inhibit the relationship when measuring general with specific. (by.E.g. measuring favorable attitudes to condom use but without specifying something more concrete of which coupletoobserve whetherconduct. It gives or not) C)internal structure of attitudes- consistency between cognitive and affective component. High affective-cognitive consistency:> relationship Low affective-cognitive consistency:< relationship (by.E.g. alcohol consumption in young people that listed negative consequences (negative thoughts)but thatliked it. D)process of formation of attitudes (origin of attitude)- when it is an obvious/clearer relevant emotion will be the relationship. The attitudes generated by my own learning are going to have more influence on behavior. 3.People's features vs. Personality- there are 2 types of people: A)attitudes guide your behavior. B)external references guide your behavior. Self-monitoring (snyder)- measures the ability of people to adjust their behavior. To the demands of the situation. -high: low attitude-behaviourratio. -low: high attitude-behaviourratio. More field-dependent people will change their attitudes more and there will be < relationship. People - field dependents will be firmer and < would be the relationship. Theoretical model of the relationship between attitude and behavior It is an explanatory model of the factors that can help us better understand the behavior. Planned. According to which the behavior. It depends on the intentions. Intentions are the best indicator of individualbehavior. Attitudes

Subjective rules intent conduct. Perceived control (by.E.g., advertising is intended to influence conduct. Purchase) (by.E.g. polling on election campaigns that are intended to predict whichconduct. Voting or at least the intention) Intentions are determined by 3 factors: Attitudes- what are they? We know this through surveys. Ideas about the consequences associated with behavior. Subjective standards- which are the person's beliefs about how the other significant will value their behavior. (by.Ex:behaviour. . use condoms) Other significant means the reference group, as they can be the group of friends, family, etc.Thatsometimes you can havemoreinfluence on thebehaviour. The guy. It's not so much the people around you, it's the people you care about. The subjective rule is also the motivation to adapt your behavior. To expectations. I mean, sometimes we don't have the same attitudes on an issue but if you don't mind I wouldn't have any influence on your behavior. It's over. Perceived control- is the estimate ofconduct.. A > difficulty < intent. (by.Ex: being against the death penalty but being so far from the us, i can't do anything.) Before this theory had been the theory of reasoned action that only took into account attitude and the subjective norm versus the theory of the planned action that to others attitude and the subjective norm takes into account perceived control. Procedures we must follow to change attitudes. What needs tochange to change attitudes? We call this change in attitudes a cause. When you want to persuade someone you try to change: Ideas or thoughts Your personal experience or emotions What he does or his behavior. There are models of attitude change that can only be done when you have the power to punish or to reinforce someone.

There is a constant search for consistency between attitude and what I do or can do; sincebeing in disagreement leads to a bad body.Bythis, by acting on a single component can lead you to change the other 2. Change of attitude through the communication process or model of yale (houland, janis and kelley): There are different strategies aimed at influencing each of these elements (sender, message and receiver): Broadcaster - message -receiver Factors that increase persuasion include: Emitters: Experts(by.Ex: when in advertising you are advertised toothpaste with the dentist) Attractiveness, status, prestige, credibility, acceptance. (by.Ex: announce the handsome model watches) Speak fast- when they tell us a message faster it seems to convince more. There is also data against it. Messages Persuasive covert content- message intelligence - are more efficient, more subtle messages where they don't tell you whatto do. Positives and negatives of the object of attitude-when someone wants to convince you and only tells you the positives is not as convincing as if I told you both the positive and the negative and made a balance. Strong emotions (and specific recommendations)-those messages that trigger very strong emotions based on having specific recommendations or not. A strong emotion if it appears with a specific recommendation is very effective. For.Ex: how to avoid accidents and add the use of the belt. An example of strong emotion but no specific recommendation would be smoking kills. el receptor la receptora Attention vs distracted- in general terms, with messages that have no strong arguments show that they have a better chance of succeeding only when we are distracted, as it is that being distracted I have my cognitive resources elsewhere and this takes advantage of advertising. For. E.x. ads that they don't have a clear argument, it's inconsistent and it catches you distracted, it seemsthatit works. Self-esteem - it seems that people with low self-esteem are easier to be persuaded.Although There are results against.

Professional model of mcguire or model of the 2 factors: Attention Understanding reception and Acceptance Retention Conduct. This model analyzes the change of attitude through communication. It requires fulfilling a series of phases, each of them needing to be fulfilled for persuasion to be achieved. For persuasion to occur, either 5 phases or 2 factors have to be met. This model seeks the behavior. To achieve these 3 factors it looks good in advertising and in election campaigns (understood, accepted and retained). Zapping would be the defense strategy. What does the reception depend on? Reception Capacity motivation To answer the message for processing What does acceptance depend on? Acceptance Ithas to do with retention and behavior. Acceptance depends on the elaboration of the message. (by.Ex: talk among the friends of the shipwreck announcement) Favourable and unfavourable reactions If we dedicate topics ofconversation to him, it can make my behaviorchange more. Back. This idea of working on thoughts is supported by the model of probability of elaboration (potty and cacioppo). Ethe model has a cognitive approach. Try to work on the change of thought. The key to this model has to do with the elaboration of messages. This model proposes 2 routes of action: High route processing the degree to which the Central elaboration of attitude information changes

Detailed depends on attitude Of the arguments Message Persuasive Low route does not give the at-attitude change Peripheral processing processing depends d the presence Detailed the d persuasive signs Information It focuses on the analysis of cognitive processes when there is a change in attitude. This model tries to explain why people change their opinions or develop new attitudes: which means generating a posture. The fundamental premise is that persuasion depends on the thoughtdevoted to the persuasive message (the amount of thought we devote to persuasive messages) When people receive a persuasive message, they think about the message, analyze the arguments, and consider it or not. It is thoughts on the message that lead to change of attitude or resistance to that change. First process: Message that we find interesting, is relevant to the person, therefore I dedicate attention to it, I analyze the argumentscontained in the message, I decide if the arguments are clear and are and if the analysis is positive (with good arguments). Here the change of attitudebegins if there is a pre-object, and if not a new attitude develops. The element of persuasion is the strong arguments of the message. There will be strong arguments and other weak ones. If strong predominates: the evaluation is positive and there is a change in attitude. Second process: We receive a message that tries to persuade us, but we are not interested, it does not motivate us. We're not interested in analyzing the message. We still make decisions and we follow a peripheral route for this. There is no in-depth analysis, but change can occur because it produces persuasive signals, which draw our attention and cause the attitude to change.

Example of signals Subliminal effects Something that shocks us, we find it fun, attractive,beautiful... They are used systematically/ to produce the change in attitude without going through a thorough analysis. The example of the signals: the announcements of the eleven (chopito, cremita...). When using persuasive signals, arguments are often weak. Central route (to persuasion): attitudinal change resulting from systematic processing/information presented by persuasive messages. Peripheral route: attitudinal change that takes place in responses to persuasive signals such as the attractiveness, experience or status of potential persuasions. Effects of persuasion via the central route: -attitude changes are more lasting and stable by thought changes. But in many cases they seek short-term attitude changes. -modified attitudes are more resistant to subsequent persuasion attempts. -more attitude-behaviour ratio - the attitude willbe more defined and it will be easier to carry out the behavior. -changes in attitudes change thoughts on the object of attitude. Effects of persuasion through the peripheral route: -are a simple response to the stimuli of the moment....