Social Psych Notes Test 2 PDF

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Summary

Taught by Dr. Georgeana Stratton....

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Test 2 Notes Vocab!!!       

Compliance – going along with others Obedience – complying with an authority’s command Identification – weak type of conformity – I like this person, I want to be like them, so I will buy their product Group think – when a group makes a decision that is worse than if it was an individual decision. Inoculation effect – (vaccine – weakened or dead version of the disease/virus) Theory of Reactance – never warn people that they will be persuaded, bc people will build up their defenses. Perceptual set – initial mood/emotion affects how we absorb information

Types of Social Influence 

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Chameleon Effect (Unconscious) o Start mimicking those around us unintentionally o Facial Feedback Hypothesis  Making a facial expression activates the part of the brain to make us feel that emotion – smile=happy, frown=unhappiness o Promotes empathy – more likely to help someone you care about and vice versa o People differ in how much they engage in the C.E. (Chameleon effect)  Sociopaths and some people on the extreme ends of the autistic spectrum generally do not show the chameleon effect at all. o We tend to like strong chameleons more than weaker ones (have a good gut feeling about them – more likely to help you than harm you) o We tend to copy more people we like than don’t like o We tend to copy people more over time Conformity (Conscience) o Normative social influence (compliance) – going along with other people to not feel discomfort of going against everyone else (even though we know we are correct) o Informational social influence – doing what everyone else does o Obedience Factors that affect the strength of conformity (moderators):

Increases Conformity  Unanimity  Publicity  Collectivistic culture (values groups)  Chronically low self esteem  Group attractiveness (status, looks, etc.)  3 or more group members  Fear is a huge conformity booster

Decreases Conformity  Presence of deviant  Privacy (why voting is private)  Individualistic cultures (all about you)  Chronically high self esteem  Low group attractiveness  Small group size  Lack of fear

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High consequences – safety in #s Ambiguity of right answer Won’t be held accountable for response No prior commitment If they were further away, ꜛꜛobedience

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Low consequences More clear answer choice Accountability – explain your reasons Prior commitment before that situation Close proximity to victim (Milgram)

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Identification Internalization – THE STRONGEST TYPE OF CONFORMITY o Rationalizing behavior o Secondary gain – Dr. S’s friend who smoked due to peer pressure of her environment, then quit when she moved to a different environment. The secondary gain was when she moved back to the first environment that pressured her into smoking, she felt healthier and happier, so she did not go back to smoking. o Group think – when a group makes a decision that is worse than if it was an individual decision.  Symptoms of Group Think 1. Pressure to Conform 2. Illusion of Unanimity – silence is consent (if someone says a racist joke and you don’t stand up, people assume you agree) 3. Illusion of Morality – if the group thinks their view is more moral, then they are more likely to make a poorer quality decision 4. Illusion of Invulnerability – lack of accountability for the individual group members 5. Excessive Stereotyping – outward homogeneity effect (everyone in that other group is bad and lame) – tend to see members of an outgroup as similar to each other (all Asians look the same) 6. Mind Guarding – block off information from other sources that you do not value (not reading spam, for example) 7. Self-Censorship - Internalization 8. Collective Rationalization  Not all of these moderators need to be present, but the more are active, the higher Group Think occurs. Bystander Effect - The more people, the less likely someone is to help in an emergency situation. Better to be one of 6 phone calls, rather than no one calling. If I don’t do it, who else will.  Informational Social Influence – “this is what to do”, and others follow suit  Diffusion of Responsibility – someone else will do it, so I don’t have to  Moderators of the B.E. Increase  Larger crowd  Fear of unknown  Ambiguity – not sure if emergency  Being in a hurry

Decrease     

Empathy with victim Relationship w/ victim Diffusion of responsibility Clearly an emergency Perp Present

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Urban Environment

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Accountability Deviant – one person starts chain reaction Eye contact with one person – then give specific instructions on what to do

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Training for emergency situations Rural environment

Milgram’s Laboratory Study 

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DV: Percentage of people who shock at the highest level o They initially thought only 1% would get to that level o 65% actually conformed The fact that the experimenter told the subject to continue was an ethical issue, BUT it boosted the mundane realism (almost external validity, but not quite due to lab environment)

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Persuasion Techniques to Persuade (things we have already learned in class)  Identification  Lowballing o Attractive source  Contrast effect  Loss frame o Credible source – argues against  Priming their own self-interest, or they do  Availability heuristic – conformity not benefit in any way (everyone else is doing it) o Expert source  Foot-in-the-door o Likeable source  Limited time/amount o Connection to source  Door-in-the-face **Persuasion is most effective when people do not know they are being persuaded. Routes to Persuasion  Central Route – weighing arguments and considering facts and figures about a product in order to make an informed decision  Peripheral Route – responding to simple or irrelevant cues that suggest an argument is right/attractive without giving much more thought about it Central Route Peripheral Route

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Facts and figures Logical thought Sound research Well-reasoned arguments Two-side arguments Information from experts Information from credible persons

 Familiarity  Emotion (negative framing) o Emotional contagion  Personal experience  Anecdotal evidence  Information from attractive people  Information from likeable people (identification)  Conformity

When to use Central vs Peripheral Central (for people harder to persuade) Peripheral (easier to persuade)  No opinion  Bias against  Opinion already in favor  High self-esteem*  Low self-esteem **  Informed  Is not important  Is important to person *Need high fear but immediate action **Too much fear, and the audience member will freeze and only act after a delay.

Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination      

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Stereotype – a belief about a group (can be negative, neural, or positive) Prejudice – a hostile attitude toward a group based on generalizations Discrimination – unfair treatment (behavior) of others based on their group membership Ingroup Bias – I want everything to go to my kids (biased towards their own group) Institutional Discrimination – discrimination that occurs on the level of a large group Belief Bias – Arguments of validity based on whether they match your views. If someone presents information that goes against my opinion, I will look for holes in their argument. If someone has a weak argument supporting my opinion, we will think they are valid. Belief Perseverance – no belief = easy to implant one; but takes much more evidence to overturn a different belief. Sociotyping – forming a stereotype from factual observation Modern Racism/Subtle Racism – not being aware of personal racism o Best way to fight prejudice - cooperation between members of a diverse group, combined with an expectation that cooperation is inevitable, equal status of group members, and positive expectations that cooperation will work. Ultimate Attribution error Self-fulfilling Prophecy – if you know the stereotype for your group, you will most likely perform and realize that stereotype (Latin/Black students stereotypically perform

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poorly on SATs. If a Latin student knew this stereotype, then they would most likely get a lower SAT score than if they didn’t know the stereotype) Stereotype Threat – Superordinate Identity – everyone is equal and can work together (only would occur if there was a massive outer threat that would require everyone of all races and nationalities to work together)...