Sociology Ch.2 Notes PDF

Title Sociology Ch.2 Notes
Course Introduction To Sociology
Institution Georgetown University
Pages 5
File Size 107.5 KB
File Type PDF
Total Downloads 52
Total Views 132

Summary

Sociology Ch.2 Notes...


Description

Soc i ol o gyCh . 2 Se e i n ga n dThi nki n gSo c i ol o gi c a l l y Rwa nda  Or di n a r y ,we l l b a l a n c e dp e opl e–t e a c he r s ,s o c i a lwor k e r s , pr i e s t sa n dn unsde v ot e dt ot h ei d e a l sofc h a r i t y a ndme r c y ,a ndph y s i c i a n st r a i n e dt oh e a la nds a v el i v e s–ha dc ha n g e d ,a l mos to v e r ni ght ,i n t oc ol dhe a r t e d ki l l e r s o Ho w–be c a us ei ndi v i dualb e hav i o ri sl ar g e l ys hape dbys oc i a lf or c e san ds i t uat i o nalc ont i n g e nc i e s o Ci r c ums t a nc e sofl a r g e s c a l ee t h ni ch a t r e da n dwa rha v et h epo we rt ot r a n s f or mwe l l e d uc a t e d , “ ni c e ”p e o pl ei n t oc r ue lki l l e r s  Soc i a lc i r c ums t a n c e sc r e a t eo ppor t uni t yf orbr ut a l i t y o ANDmo t i v a t e do r di na r yp e opl et oe n g a g ei na s t o undi n ga c t so fhe r oi s m Ho wI ndi vi dua l sS t r uc t ur eSo c i e t y  Soc i e t y–p opul a t i onl i vi n gi nt h es a meg e ogr a phi ca r e awhos h a r eac u l t ur ea ndac o mmoni de n t i t ya n d whos eme mbe r sa r es ub j e c tt ot hes a mep ol i t i c a la u t hor i t y o Sa mee t h ni che r i t a g eo ro fhundr e do fd i ffe r e n tg r oupswh os pe a kamu l t i t udeo fl a n g ua g e s t h  Augus t eCo mt e :1 9 c e n t ur yFr e nc hphi l os ophe r o Al ls oc i e t i e s , wh a t e v e rt h e i rf or m,c o nt a i nbo t hf or c e sf ors t a bi l i t y( “ s oc i a ls t a t i c s ” )a n df or c e sf o r c h a n g e( “ s o c i a ld yna mi c s ” )  Buts ome t i me sp e o pl eu s et h et e r ms o c i e t yo nl yt ome a na“ s t a t i c ”e nt i t y–an a t ur a l , pe r ma ne nt ,a nd hi s t or i c a ls t r u c t ur e o Ta l ka bo u ts oc i e t y“ p l a nni n g”o r“ s ha pi n g”o url i v e sa ndd e s c r i b ei ta sar e l a t i v e l yu nc ha n g i n gs e to f or g a ni z a t i o n ,i ns t i t ut i ons ,s y s t e ms , a ndc ul t ur a lp a t t e r nsi nt owhi c hs uc c e s s i v eg e n e r a t i onsofpe o pl e a r ebor na n ds oc i a l i z e d  Soc i ol o gi c a li ma g i na t i ona l s oe n c our a g e sust os e et h a te a c hi ndi v i dualhasar ol ei nf or mi n gas oc i e t yand i nflue nc i n gt h ec our s eo fi t sh i s t o r y  Tof u l l yu nde r s t a n ds oc i e t y ,mus ts e ei ta sah uma nc ons t r u c t i onma deu po fp e opl ei nt e r a c t i n gwi t ho ne a not h e r o Co mmun i c a t i oni si mpor t a n t–t a l ki n ga b o utama t t e r ,p e o p l eg i v es ha pea nds ub s t a nc et os o c i e t y ’ s i de a l sa ndv a l u e s o Ev e nt a l ki n ga b outt h ep a s t / hi s t o r i c a le v e nt sc a nc ha n g ei t sme a ni n ga n dr e l e v a nc e  St r uc t ur a l( ma c r ol e v e l )s o c i e t a la n dh i s t or i c a lp r oc e s s e sv smi c r o l e v e le v e r yda yp he no me n awee x pe r i e nc e a si nd i vi dua l s Soc i a lI nflue n c e :TheI mpa c to fOt h e rPe o pl ei nOurEv e r yda yLi v e s  Pe op l et e ndt ol i k ewha to t he rpe o pl el i k e .  Cont a c twi t hpe op l ei se s s e n t i a lt oap e r s o n ’ ss oc i a lde v e l opme nt  Th epr e s e nc eofot he rp e opl ema ymot i v a t ey out oi mp r o v ey o urpe r f or ma nc e  Ourp e r s on a lc on t e nt me nta n dg e n e r o s i t yc a nbel i n k e dt oot h e r sa swe l l o J u s tkno wi n gs o me onewhoi sha pp ys i gni fic a n t l yi n c r e a s ey ouro wnc ha n g e so fha p pi ne s s  Ev e nourp h y s i c a lwe l l be i n gi sa ffe c t e db yt h os ea r oundus o Ri s ko fh e a r ta t t a c ki s3xhi g he ra mo n gwo me nwh ol i v ewi t ht h e i rh us ba ndsa n dh i spa r e nt st h a n a mon gwo me nwh oj u s tl i v ewi t ht he i rh us b a nds  Oure a t i n gt e n de n c i e sr e fle c tt h es oc i a lc ue sa r oundus o Ea t i n gwi t hot he r s ,wea d j us tourp a c et ot h e i r s ;a n de a tl o n g e r–a n dmor e St a nl e yMi l g r am –Or d i na r yPe op l ea ndCr ue lAc t s  Wa nt e dt okno who wf a rp e opl ewoul dg oi nobe y i n gt h ec o mma ndso fa u t ho r i t y–s hoc kg e n e r a t or15450 v o l t s  65% c o mpl i e dwi t ht hee xpe r i me n t e ra n dp r oc e e d e dt ot h ema x4 50v ol t s Soc i e t a lI nflue nc e :Th eEffe c to fSo c i a lSt r uc t ur eonOurEv e r y da yLi v e s  St a t us e s ,r ol e s ,g r o ups , or g a ni z a t i ons ,a n di n s t i t ut i onsa r et hebui l di n gbl o c ksofs oc i e t y . Cul t ur ei st he mor t a rt ha th ol dst he s ebl oc kst o g e t he r  St a t us e sa n dRol e s o St a t us e s–t hepo s i t i onst ha ti ndi v i dua l swi t hi nt h es oc i e t yo c c u p y

1

Soc i ol o gyCh . 2 Ex .c ook,d a ught e r ,a n t hr opol o gi s t ,h us ba nd,c o mput e rne r d, Fa c e bookf r i e nd,e t c Wea l loc c up ymul t i p l es t a t us e s As c r i be dSt a t us–s oc i a lp os i t i onwea c qui r ea tbi r t ho ri n v o l unt a r i l yl a t e ri nl i f e  Ex .r a c e ,s e x ,e t hni c i t y ,t e e na g e r  Ac hi e v e dSt a t us–s oc i a lp os i t i onwet a keonv ol unt a r i l yo ra c q ui r et hr ou gho uro wne ffor t s a nda c c o mp l i s hme nt s  Ex .s t ude n t ,s po us e ,e n g i n e e r  I mpo r t a nts oc i o l o gi c a l l yb e c a us et he ya l lc omewi t has e to fr i ght s ,o bl i g a t i onsbe ha vi or s , a ndd ut i e st ha tpe opl eoc c u p y i n gac e r t a i npos i t i ona r ee x p e c t e dt op e r f o r m o Rol e s–t hee x pe c t a t i o nst ha tc o mewi t hs t a t u s  Ex .r o l eo f“ p r of e s s o r ”i st ot e a c h,a n s we rque s t i ons ,g r a d e ,e t c .  Rol er e s t r ai n–s i t ua t i onsi nwh i c hpe opl el a c kt h en e c e s s a r yr e s o ur c e st of u l fil lt h e de ma ndofapa r t i c u l a rr ol e  Ex .whe np a r e nt sc a n ’ ta ffo r dt opr o v i det he i rc hi l dr e nwi t ha de qu a t ef ood,c l o t h i n g , s h e l t e r  Rol ec o nfli c t–wh e np e opl ee nc oun t e rt e n s i oni nt r y i n gt oc op ewi t ht hede ma n dsof i nc ompa t i bl er o l e s  Ex .amot he r( whoi sa l s oap r omi n e nts o c i ol o gi s t )ma yha v ea ni mpor t a n t c o nf e r e nc et oa t t e n do nt h es a meda ya sh e r1 0y . ospe r f or ma nc e Gr oup s o Gr oup–s e to fpe opl ewhoi nt e r a c tmor eorl e s sr e gul a r l ywi t ho nea no t he ra n dwh oa r ec ons c i o us oft he i ri d e nt i t ya sag r oup  Th e i rs t r u c t ur ed e fine st her e l a t i o ns hi pa mon gme mb e r s o Ca nbepo we r f ulf or c eb e h i ndone ’ sf u t ur ea c t i o nsa ndt hou ght s  I ng r oups–whe r ewebe l on ga ndf e e ls e ns eofl o y a l t y  Out gr oups–don ’ tb e l o n ga n df e e ls e n s eo fa n t a g oni s m o Be i n gi nagr oupc ome swi t he xpe c t a t i on s–ap e r s on ’ sa c t i o nswi t hi nag r o upa r ej u d g e da c c or di n g t oac on v e n t i o na ls e tofi d e a sa b ou th o wt h i n g so u ghtt ob e o Dy ad( 2–s ma l l e s t ) :mos tme a n i n gf ula ndi n t e ns ec onne c t i ons ;butu n s t a bl e o Tr i a d( 3) :mor es t a b l e ;b utp o t e n t i a lf orc oa l i t i ons( 2i ndi v i dua l spa i rupa n dp e r ha psc ons p i r e a g a i ns tt h et hi r d ) o Ca na l s ob ec l a s s i fie db yt h e i ri n flue n c eo no ure v e r yda yl i v e s  Pr i mar yg r oup–s ma l ln umbe ro fme mbe r sho wh a v ed i r e c tc o nt a c twi t he a c ho t he ro v e ra r e l a t i v e l yl on gpe r i odoft i me  Hi ghe mot i ona la t t a c h me n t ;i nt i ma t ekno wl e d g eofe a c ho t he r ’ sl i v e s  Ex .f a mi l i e sa ndn e t wo r k sofc l o s ef r i e nds  Se c ondar yg r oup–e s t a bl i s h e df oras p e c i fict a s k  Mor ef or ma la ndi mpe r s o na l ;h i ghl ys t r uc t u r e d ;c a ne n d ur ec ha n gi n gme mbe r s hi p r e l a t i v e l ye a s i l y Or g a ni z a t i on s–ne t wor ksofs t a t us e sa ndgr ou psc r e a t e df o ras pe c i ficpur pos e o La r g e , f or ma lo r g a n i z a t i o nsa r eo f t e nc ha r a c t e r i z e db yahi e r a r c hi c aldi v i s i ono fl a bor  Ea c hpe r s oni na no r g a ni z a t i ono c c u pi e sapos i t i ont ha th a sas p e c i fics e tofd ut i e sa nd r e s p ons i bi l i t i e s ,a ndt h os ep os i t i o n sc a nb e“ r a n k e d ”a c c or di n gt op o we ra ndi mpor t a n c e Soc i a lI ns t i t ut i on s o Whe ns t a b l es e t sofs t a t us e s , r ol e s ,gr oups , a n do r g a ni z a t i on sf or m, t he yp r o v i det h ef ounda t i onf or a ddr e s s i n gf u nda me n t a ls oc i e t a lne e d s  Th e s ee ndu r i n gp a t t e r n sofs oc i a ll i f e=s oc i a li ns t i t ut i ons o Pa t t e r ne dwa y so fs ol v i n gt h ep r ob l e msa ndme e t i n gr e qu i r e me nt sofap a r t i c u l a rs oc i e t y o Fami l y–i nt r o duc e sne wg e ne r a t i o n o Educ a t i on–y ou n gt a u gh twha ti tme a nst obeame mb e ro ft h e i rs oc i e t y ;h o wt of u nc t i on/ s u r vi v e o Ec o no my–g a t he r i n gr e s our c e s ,c o n v e r t i n gt og o od s ,d i s t r i but i n gt ome mbe r s . o Pol i t i c sandLa w–h o wt op r e s e r v eo r d e r ,a v oi dc h a os ,a n dma k ei mpor t a nts oc i a ld e c i s i ons   







2

Soc i ol o gyCh . 2 o Re l i gi on–s e n s eofp u r pos ea n dme a n i n g o He al t hc a r e–he a l i n gt hes i c ka ndma na g i n gt het r a ns i t i ont od e a t h o Mi l i t a r y–pr o t e c t i o no fn a t i ona li n t e r e s t s o Mas sMe di a–c o v e r a g eofi mpor t a nts oc i e t a le v e n t s ;i n di vi dua l sc a nma k ei n f or me dde c i s i on s  Cul t ur e–c ons i s t soft h el a n gua g e ,v a l ue s ,b e l i e f s ,r u l e s , be ha v i or s , a ndp h y s i c a la r t i f a c t so fas o c i e t y o As oc i e t y ’ s“ pe r s ona l i t y” o Gi v e susc od e sofc onduc t–pr ope r ,a c c e p t a bl ewa y sofdoi n gt h i n g s o I spa r t i c u l a r l ya p pa r e ntwh e ns ome oneque s t i o nsorvi ol a t e si t o Va l ue s–s t a nda r dofj u dg me n tb ywh i c hpe opl ede c i deo nde s i r a b l eg oa l sa n dout c ome s  Re pr e s e n tt h eg e ne r a lc r i t e r i ao nwhi c ho url i v e sa ndl i v e sofo t he r sc a nb ej u dg e d  J u s t i f yt hes oc i a lr ul e st h a tde t e r mi neh o wweo u ghtt obe ha v e  Ex .s u c c e s s , i nde pe n de n c e ,a n di ndi vi dua la c h i e v e me n t s[ US] o No r ms–c ul t u r a l l yde fin e dr ul e sofc onduc t  Spe c i f ywha tpe opl es houl doa n dh o wt h e ys h oul dpur s u ev a l u e s  Te l luswha ti sp r o pe ro rn e c e s s a r yb e ha vi orwi t hi npa r t i c u l a rr ol e s , gr oup s , o r g a ni z a t i ons , a ndi n s t i t ut i ons  Ma k eo uri n t e r a c t i onswi t ho t he r sr e a s ona bl yp r e di c t a bl e o Soc i a lSt r uc t ur ei naGl oba lCo nt e x t  Gl o bal i z a t i on–p r o c e s st hr ou ghwh i c hpe opl e ’ sl i v e sa l la r oundt h ewor l dbe c o me i nc r e a s i n g l yi n t e r c onne c t e d–e c o n omi c a l l y ,pol i t i c a l l y ,e n v i r onme n t a l l y , a n dc ul t u r a l l y  Adv a nc e si nt r a ns por t a t i o nt e c hn ol o gyha v ema dei n t e r na t i ona lt r a d emor ec o s te ffe c t i v e a ndi n t e r na t i ona lt r a v e lmor ea c c e s s i b l et oo r d i na r yc i t i z e ns  Th eI n t e r ne t !  Soc i e t i e sa r emor ei nt e r de pe nde n tt ha ne v e r ,a n dt h a ti nt e r de pe nd e n c ema t t e r sf or i ndi vi du a l sa r oundt hewor l d  So me t i me spo s i t i v ee ffe c t s( e x .pha r ma c e ut i c a lb r e a kt h r ou ghsi nt h eUSorEur ope ) a n dl e a r ni n ga bouto t he rs oc i e t i e sa ndl e a r nf r om t h e m  But ,s o me t i me sc a nb ed i s a s t r ous( e x .wi d e s p r e a de n vi r o nme nt a ld e v a s t a t i on,l a r g e a n ds ma l l s c a l ewa r s , e c o nomi cc r i s e s ,vi r a le pi de mi c s ,e t c ) Ma r i onNe s t l e–Th eEc onomi c sa n dPol i t i c so fFood  Wa nt e dt oe x a mi net h ei n s t i t ut i ona lunde r pi n ni n g sofo uri de a sa b ou th e a l t ha n dn ut r i t i on  Fo u ndt h a tUSh a ss omuc hf oodt ha twec oul df e e do urc i t i z e n st wi c eo v e rde s p i t ea l a r mi n gl e v e l soff ood hun g e ra mon gt h ewor l d’ spopul a t i on  Fo o dma r k e t i n g o I de nt i f yc hi l dr e na smos ta t t r a c t i v et a r g e t s( a g e s6 1 9a r ee s t i ma t e dt oi n flue nc eup wa r do f$ 5 00 bi l l i o ni nf oodpu r c ha s e se a c hy e a r ) o Sodar e pl a c i n gmi l ki ns c hool s  “ Po ur i n gr i ght s ”–ac o mpa n ybu y st hee x c l us i v er i ghtt os e l li t spr oduc t si na l ls c h ool si na pa r t i c u l a rd i s t r i c t Mi c r oMa c r oCo nne c t i on:Fa mi l yPr i v a c yv s . Ch i l dr e n ’ sWe l f a r e  Th ei ns t i t u t i onoff a mi l yh a sb e c o mei nc r e a s i n gl ys e l f c ont a i ne da n dp r i v a t e  Butt h ea bi l i t yt oma i nt a i nf a mi l yp r i v a c yh a sa l wa y sv a r i e da l on gs oc i a lc l a s sl i ne s o Po or–s ma l l e r ,mor ec r o wde dd we l l i n g s( t hi nwa l l s ,i n s p e c t i o ns ,c r a mpe da pa r t me nt s ) ;a l s oha v et o us ep ubl i cf a c i l i t i e s( he a l t hc l i n i c s , La u ndr oma t s , publ i ct r a n s p or t a t i on,e t c )

3

Soc i ol o gyCh . 2

Th r e ePe r s p e c t i v e sonSo c i a lOr de r Soc i ol ogi c alPe r s pe c t i v e Ke yConc e pt s Mai nAs s umpt i on St r uc t ur a l f unc t i ona l i s t Ma ni f e s ta n dl a t e ntf unc t i ons So c i a li n s t i t u t i onsa r es t r uc t u r e dt oma i nt a i n s t a b i l i t ya ndo r de ri ns oc i e t y pe r s pe c t i v e Dy s f unc t i ons So c i a ls t a b i l i t y Confli c tpe r s p e c t i v e Po we r Th ev a r i ousi ns t i t ut i o n si ns oc i e t yp r o mo t e I ne q ua l i t y i n e q ua l i t ya n dc onfli c ta mo n ggr oup so f Confli c t pe op l e Do mi na nc e Sy mbol i ci nt e gr a t i o ni s t Sy mbol i cc ommuni c a t i on So c i e t yi ss t r uc t u r e da n dma i nt a i n e dt h r ou g h pe r s pe c t i v e So c i a li n t e r a c t i on e v e r y d a yi n t e r a c t i onsa ndp e o pl e ’ ss ub j e c t i v e Su b j e c t i v eme a ni n g de fini t i onsoft h e i rwor l ds Th eSt r u c t ur a l Func t i ona l i s tPe r s p e c t i v e  As oc i e t yi sac ompl e xs y s t e mc o mp os e do fv a r i o uspa r t s ,l i k eal i vi n gor g a ni s m  Soc i a li ns t i t ut i on spl a yak e yr ol ei nke e pi n gas oc i e t ys t a bl e . o Th e ymus te n s ur et h a tt heg oodsa nds e r v i c e sp e opl en e e db e t we e ni ndi vi du a l s ,gr oups ,a nd or g a ni z a t i o ns ;a n dt h e ymus tp r o vi dewa y st oe n s ur et ha ti ndi v i dua l sa r ema deapa r toft hee x i s t i n g c u l t ur e  I ns t i t ut i onsa l l o ws oc i e t i e st oa t t a i nt he i rg oa l s , a d a p tt oac ha n gi n ge n v i r onme n t ,r e d uc et e ns i o n,a ndr e c r ui t i ndi vi dua l si nt os t a t us e sa ndr ol e s  Mani f e s tf unc t i ons :i n t e nde d,ob v i ousc ons e que n c e sofa c t i v i t i e sde s i gne dt ohe l ps omepa r to ft hes o c i a l s y s t e m o Ex .ma n i f e s tf u n c t i ono fg oi n gt oc ol l e g ei st og e ta ne d uc a t i ona n da c q u i r et hec r e de nt i a l s ne c e s s a r yt oe s t a bl i s hac a r e e r  Lat e ntf unc t i ons :uni nt e nde d ,s o me t i me sunr e c o gn i z e d ,c ons e q ue n c e sofa c t i onst h a tc oi nc i de n t a l l yh e l p t hes y s t e m o La t e ntf u nc t i o no fg oi n gt oc ol l e g ei st ome e tpe o pl ea n de s t a b l i s hc l o s e , e n du r i n gf r i e n ds hi ps  I fa na s pe c tofs oc i a ll i f ei sd y s f unc t i on,i twi l le v e nt u a l l yd i s a p pe a r o Th i n g smus tp e r s i s tbe c a u s et h e yc o nt r i b ut es ome ho wt ot hes u r vi v a lofs oc i e t y Th eConfli c tPe r s pe c t i v e  Addr e s s e st h ed e fic i e n c i e sofs t r u c t ur a lf unc t i o na l i s mb yvi e wi n gt h es t r uc t ur eo fs oc i e t ya sas ou r c eo f i ne q u a l i t yt ha tb e ne fit ss o meg r o upsa tt hee xpe ns eo fot he rg r oups  Se es oc i e t yn o ti nt e r msofs t a bi l i t ya nda c c e pt a nc ebuti nt e r msofc onfli c ta n ds t r u g gl e  Fo c usonho wt he s ee l e me n t spr omo t ed i v i s i o nsa ndi n e qua l i t i e s  Th ef a mi l y ,g o v e r nme nt ,r e l i gi on,a ndot h e ri n s t i t ut i onsf os t e ra ndl e g i t i ma t et h ep o we ra ndp r i vi l e g eof s o mei n d i vi dua l sorg r oupsa tt hee x pe ns eo fot he r s  Ka r lMa r x–a r gue dt h a ta l lh uma ns oc i e t i e sa r es t r u c t ur e da r oundt h epr oduc t i onofg o odst ha tpe opl en e e d o Th os ei np o we rne e dt oe nf or c es oc i a lo r d e r  Fe mi ni s tpe r s pe c t i v e :f oc usong e nde ra st h emo s ti mpor t a n ts o ur c eofc onfli c ta ndi ne q ua l i t yi ns oc i a ll i f e  Fo c us e ss omu c hons t r u g gl ea n dc o mp e t i n gi n t e r e s t s ,i tt e ndst od o wnp l a yo ro v e r l ookt hee l e me nt sof s o c i e t yt ha td i ffe r e n tgr oup sa n di n di vi dua l ss ha r e  Emp ha s i soni ne qua l i t yh a sl e ds omec r i t i c st oa r guet h a ti t ’ sap e r s pe c t i v emot i v a t e db yap a r t i c u l a r pol i t i c a la g e nd aa n dn ott heob j e c t i v epu r s ui tofkn o wl e d g e Sy mbol i cI nt e r a c t i o ni s m  At t e mpt st ound e r s t a nds oc i e t ya n ds oc i a ls t r uc t ur et hr oug ha ne x a mi na t i ono ft hemi c r o l e v e li nt e r a c t i onsof pe opl ea si ndi v i dua l s ,p a i r s , org r oups

4

Soc i ol o gyCh . 2  Th e s ef or msofi nt e r a c t i ont a k epl a c ewi t hi nawor l dofs ymbol i cc ommuni c a t i o n  Sy mbol sa r ec r e a t e d ,mod i fie d ,a ndus e db ype o pl et h r ou ght h e i ri nt e r a c t i onswi t ho t he r s o Huma nc r e a t i ons  Whe nwei n t e r a c twi t hot he r s ,wec ons t a nt l ya t t e mp tt oi nt e r pr e twha tt he yme a na n dwh a tt h e y ’ r eupt o  Bye x a mi ni n gho wa n dwh ywei nt e r a c twi t hot he r s ,s y mbo l i ci nt e r a c t i oni s mr e v e a l ss h o wt hee v e r yda y e xpe r i e nc e sofpe o pl eh e l pt oc ons t r uc ta n dma i nt a i ns oc i a li n s t i t ut i onsa nd,u l t i ma t e l y , s oc i e t yi t s e l f  Runst her i s ko fi g nor i n gt hel a r g e rs oc i a lp a t t e r nsa nds t r u c t ur e st h a tc r e a t et h ei nflue n t i a lh i s t or i c a l , i ns t i t ut i o na l ,a ndc u l t ur a ls e t t i n g sf orpe opl e ’ se v e r y da yi n t e r a c t i o ns

5...


Similar Free PDFs