Sociology Chapter 9 PDF

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Notes from Sociology textbook turned in for a grade, always received an A....

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I.

Global Stratification A. Class stratification among countries B. Global outsourcing - process by which jobs are located overseas while still supporting US businesses C. Rich and Poor 1. Gross National Income - measures total output of goods and services produced by residents of a country each year plus the income from nonresident sources, divided by size of population a) Only reliable in countries with cash economy 2. Poorest nations are often rural, have high fertility rates, heavily dependent on agriculture, and have worst human suffering 3. Richest are highly industrializes or oil-rich 4. Gini coefficient - measure of income distribution within a given population or nation D. Global Networks of Power and Influence 1. Power - ability of a country to exercise control over others 2. Core countries - most power in world economic system, control and profit from the world system 3. Semiperipheral countries - surround core countries, semi-industrialized and represent middle class 4. Peripheral countries - poor, largely agricultural but have important natural resources exploited by core countries E. Race and Global Inequality 1. Exploitation of the human and natural resources of regions populated by people of color has characterized the history of western capitalism 2. International division of labor - not tied to place but can emily cheap labor anywhere II. Theories of Global Stratification A. Modernization Theory 1. Country become more modernized by increase technological development and this technological development is also dependent on other countries 2. Economic development comes from getting rid of traditional cultural values and embracing new technologies and market-driven attitudes and values 3. Poverty results from adherence to traditional values and customs that prevent societies from competing in a modern global economy 4. Social Change involves creating complexity, differentiation, and efficiency B. Dependency Theory 1. Focuses on explaining the persistence of poverty in the world 2. Colonialism - system by which western nations become wealthy by taking raw materials from colonized societies and reaping profits from products finished in the homeland a) Dependency was created by the direct political and military control of the poor countries by powerful developed countries b) Neocolonialism - form of control of the poor countries by rich countries but without direct political or military involvement, happens when deeply indebted 3. Multinational corporations - companies that draw a large share of their profits from overseas investments and the conduct business across national borders 4. Economic development exploits the least powerful nations to the benefit of wealthier nations that then control their political and economic systems 5. Poverty results from the dependence of low-income countries on wealthy nations

6. Social change is the result of neocolonialism and the expansion of international capitalism C. World Systems Theory 1. Each country is tied in many ways to other countries 2. Economic development has resulted in a single economic system stemming from the development of a world market that links core, semipeipheral, and peripheral nations a) Commodity chain - network of production and labor processes by which a product becomes a finished commodity b) World cities - cities closely linked through the system of international commerce (1) Transnational communities - communities that may be geographically distant but socially and politically close 3. Poverty is the result of core nations extracting labor and natural resources from peripheral nations 4. Social Change leads to an international division of labor that increasingly puts profit in the hands of a few while exploiting those in the poorest and least powerful nations II. Consequences of Global Stratification A. Population 1. Poorest countries will have highest birth and fertility rates and highest death rates a) Too many children and not enough adults to provide for them 2. Some of the richest countries are having population declines and low birth rates B. Health and Environment 1. High-income countries have lower childhood death rates, higher life expectancies, and fewer children born underweight 2. In poor countries, many children die within first 5 years, lower life expectancies, less access to clean water and adequate sanitation C. Education and Illiteracy 1. In high-income nations, education is almost universal 2. Elementary school enrollment is a lot less common in poor nations, education takes place outside formal schooling (basic literacy and math skills) D. Gender Inequality 1. Gender inequality index - measures reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market status in women a) Reproductive health is the greatest contributor 2. More inequality in poorer nations 3. Violence E. War and Terrorism 1. Transnational capitalist class 2. Terrorism - premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombat targets by people or groups who use their action to try to achieve some political ends III. World Poverty A. Relative poverty - measure of poverty related to the rest of society B. Absolute poverty - situation in which people like on less than $1 a day C. Extreme poverty - living on less than $1.25 a day D. Multidimensional poverty index - measures degrees of deprivation on 3 dimensions (health, education, and standard of living) 1. Even more poverty than when measured on income alone E. Who are the World’s Poor? 1. One-fifth of world lives in poverty

F. Women and Children in Poverty 1. Double deprivation - women suffer because of their gender and because they disproportionately carry the burden of poverty 2. Suffer greater health risks than men 3. Suffer because of patriarchal traditions and norms 4. Families feel they must have more children for their survival, but this just makes the poverty worse 5. Homeless children’s lives are often harsh, brutal, and short G. Poverty and Hunger 1. Poverty is directly linked to malnutrition and hunger 2. Hunger stifles mental and physical development of children and leads to death and disease 3. Unable to buy food, unable to grow their own because of cash crop corporations, or displaced and food may not be available to all H. Causes of World Poverty 1. Unstable or ineffective governments 2. Changes in world economic system 3. War IV. Globalization and Social Change A. Some countries evolve while others remain persistently poor B. Newly industrializing countries - governments have invested in social and economic development, often with help from other nations or corporations, and are rapidly growing and emerging as stronger nations C. Expansion of capitalist system...