Sociology Exam 1 - Exam One terms PDF

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Sociology Exam 1 Sociology study of human behavior in society

Social Interaction behavior between two or more people

Social Structure organized pattern of social relationships and institutions

Social Institutions established and organized systems of social behavrio with a particular purpose

Social Change Alteration of society over time

Sociological perspective ability to see societal patterns that influence life

C. Wright Mills Task of sociology was to understand the relationship between individuals and society and The sociological Imagination (book)

Sociological Imagination ability to see societal patterns influencing groups and individuals

Troubles Privately felt problems that spring from events/feelings

Issues affect large numbers of people

Empirical discipline careful observation, not conjecture or opinion

Debunking looking behind the facades of everyday life

Georg Simmel Interested in the role of strangers in social groups. Sociological perspective requires a combination of nearness and distance

Diversity variety of group experiences resulting from social structure of society

Enlightenment 18th/19th century- age of reason- faith in the ability of human reason to solve society's problems

Auguste Comte Coined the term sociology- believed science could discover the laws of human social behavior to solve problems

Positivism scientific observation and description is highest form of knowledge

Alexis de Tocqueville The majority dictated americas democracy

Harriet Martineau Society in America- Book discussing how t observe behavior overlooked due to her being a woman, now a classic.

Emile Durkheim explored what forces hold society together- social facts can explain society

Belief systems rituals reinforcing beloinging

Sui generis thing in itself-people come to belive what society expects them to

Social facts customs and values existing outside individuals

Anomie breakdown of social norms

Karl Marx explained how capitalism shaped society

Max weber society consits of political, economic, and cultural dimensions

Multidimensional analysis expanded marx's one-dimensional focus

Verstehen understanding behavior from those engaged in it

Robert Park studied how neighborhoods developed boundries

Jane Addams developed community projects assiting people in need

Ida B. Wells-Barnett wrote on the statues of African Americans in the US after slavery

WEB DuBois focused on social structure of Black communities

Macrosociology theories striving to understand the wholse society

Microsociology center on face-to-face interaction

Functionalism Interprets how parts of society contribute to stability of the whole

Robert Merton social practices have long-term consequences

Conflict Theory ability to influence and control others with power

Symbolic Interaction immediate social interaction is where society exists

Feminist Theory understand status of women in society and using it to better women's lives

Participant observation researcher becomes participant and observer

Scientific method the steps of the research process

testable theory must be able to be proven or denied

Deductive reasoning specific question based on general principle

Inductive Reasoning arrive to a general conclusion from specific observations

Literary review reviewing existing studies

Replication study repeated research

Research design logic and strategy for a research project

Cross-tabulation seeing coorelation between 2 variables by creating categories for comparison

Hawthorne effect people change behavior when being watched

Serendipity something emerging from a study that was not anticipated

Informant person participant observer works with closely

Evaluation research assesses effect of policies/programs on society

Culture system of meaning and behavior defining life for a group/society

Material culture consists of objects created in society

Nonmaterial culture norms, laws, customs, ideas, beliefs

Ethnocentrism seeing things from one societies views

Cultural relativism idea that something can be understood and judged only in relation to the cultural context it appears in

Culture shock feelign of disorientation when one encounters rapid culture change

Characteristics of culture Culture is shared, learned, taken for granted, and symbolic

Symbols things which people give meaning

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis language determines other aspects of culture by forcing perspective in particular terms

Norms expectations for how to behave (Implicit norms- wait in line, explicit norms- laws)

Folkways standards of behavior a group follows

Mores strit norms controling moral and ethical behavior

laws written guidelines

Social sanctions mechanisms of control to enforce folkways

Taboos those behaviors that bring serious sanctions

Ethnomethodology

theoretical approach based on idea that you can discover normal behavior by disrupting it

Beliefs shared ideas about what is true

Values abstract standards that define ideal principles

Conspicuous consumption consuming to display wealth

Dominant culture culture of most powerful group

Subcultures culture of groups different from dominant culture

Countercultures subculture created as reaction against dominant culture

Global culture diffusion of single culture throughout world

Mass media channels of communication which are widely available

Cultural hegemony excessive influence of one culture through society

Popular culture beliefs/practices/objects that are part of everyday traditions

Elite culture only shared by a few but highly valued

Digital divide persistence of inequality in access to electronic information

Reflection hypothesis mass media reflects the values of general population

Cultural capital resources deemed worthy and give advantage to groups possessing these

Culture lag explains uneven change in aspects of culture

cultural diffusion transmission of culture from one to another

Socialization process by which people learn expectations of society

Internalization when behaviors/assumptions are learned and no longer questioned

Roles expected behaviros associated with status

Identity how one defines themselves

Personality persons relatively consistant pattern of behavior/beliefs

Socially constructed organization of society and the life outcomes of people within it are result of social definitions and processes

innate traits inborn/natural

Nature vs. nurture environment dictates life vs. relationships and upbringing

Social control process by which groups create conformity on new members

Self-concept how we think of ourselves as a result of socialization

Consequences of socialization establishes self-concpets, creates capacity for role-taking, creates tendency for people to act in socailly acceptable ways, makes people bearers of culture

Socialization agents people, sources, structures who pass on social expectations

Peers those whom you interact with on equal terms

Sigmund Freud unconscious mind shapes human behavior

Psychoanalytic theory importance on internal unconscious process of human mind

Social learning theory formation of identity is learned from social stimuli

self what we imagine we are

Charles Horton Cooley/George Herbert Mead

self-development is response to expectations of social enviornment

Looking-glass self concept of self arises from our relationships to others: How we think we appear to others, How we think others judge us, How the first two make us feel

Taking the role of the other putting oneself into anothers point of view

Imitation stage children copy behavior of those around them

Play stage children take on roles of significant people in enviornment

Significant others those who they have close affiliation

Game stage children take on multiple roles at same time

Generalized other abstract composite of social roles and expectations

Life course connection between peoples attributes, roles, life events, historical/socail aspects of these events

Anticipatory socialization learning of expectations associated with future role

Age cohort group of people born during same time

Disengagement theory as people age, they withdraw from participation in society/responsibilities

Rite of passage ceremony/ritual that marks transition of roles

Resocialization process by which existing roles are altered

Extreme conversion Major change (catholic--> ISIS)

Stockholm syndrome identification with aggressor

Society system of social interaction

Sui Generis a thing in itself

Macroanalysis approach to take the broadest view

Microanalysis approach to study small interactions

Social organization order established in social groups

Social institution established and organized system of social behavior with a recognized purpose

Functionalist Theorists needs socialization of new members of society, production and distribution of goods and services, replacement of society's members, maintenance of stability and existence, providing the members with an ultimate sense of purpose

Conflict Theory social institutions do not provide for all members equally

Social Structure organized pattern of social relationships and institutions to compose society

Collective consciousness body of beliefs common to a society creating belonging and moral obligation

Mechanical solidarity when individuals play similar roles

Organic solidarity people play many roles

Division of labor relatedness of different tasks in complex societies

Gemeinschaft community- a we feeling

Gesellschaft society- secondary relationships (work roles)

Preindustrial society uses land as means of survival

Foraging society tech enables hunting and gathering

Pastoral societies domestication of animals/nomadic

Horticultural societies cultivate land

Agricultural society large complex economic system based on large farming

Industrial society uses machines to produce goods

Postindustrial society depends on production of info/knowledge

Group collection of people who interact/communicate, share goals/norms, identify as we

Social categories shared characteristics giving an identity (teenagers)

Status established position in social structure

Status set complete set of statuses a person has

Status Inconsistency statuses bring different amount of prestige despite expectations

Achieved statuses attained by individual effort

Ascribed statuses occupied from birth

Master status overrides all status

Role behavior others expect given the status

Role modeling process by which we imitate others behavior we admire

Role Set all roles occupied at a given time

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