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HANDBOOK OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT This page intentionally left blank HANDBOOK OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT George Tchobanoglous Professor Emeritus of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California at Davis Davis, California Frank Kreith Professor Emeritus of Engineering University of Co...

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HANDBOOK OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

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HANDBOOK OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT George Tchobanoglous Professor Emeritus of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California at Davis Davis, California

Frank Kreith Professor Emeritus of Engineering University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado

Second Edition

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Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-150034-0 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-135623-1. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at [email protected] or (212) 904-4069. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. DOI: 10.1036/0071356231

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CONTENTS

Contributors Preface xiii

xi

Chapter 1. Introduction George Tchobanoglous, Frank Kreith, and Marcia E. Williams 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9

1.1

Waste Generation and Management in a Technological Society / 1.1 Issues in Solid Waste Management / 1.2 Integrated Waste Management / 1.8 Implementing Integrated Waste Management Strategies / 1.11 Typical Costs for Major Waste Management Options / 1.13 Framework for Decision Making / 1.19 Key Factors for Success / 1.22 Philosophy and Organization of this Handbook / 1.24 Concluding Remarks / 1.25

Chapter 2. Federal Role in Municipal Solid Waste Management Barbara Foster and Edward W. Repa 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5

2.1

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act / 2.1 Clean Air Act / 2.22 Clean Water Act / 2.35 Federal Aviation Administration Guidelines / 2.38 Flow Control Implications / 2.38

Chapter 3. Solid Waste State Legislation Kelly Hill and Jim Glenn

3.1

3.1 Introduction / 3.1 3.2 Trends in Municipal Waste Generation and Management / 3.1 3.3 The Waste Reduction Legislation Movement / 3.3 3.4 The Effect of Legislation / 3.5 3.5 State Municipal Solid Waste Legislation / 3.8 3.6 State Planning Provisions / 3.8 3.7 Permitting and Regulation Requirements / 3.9 3.8 Waste Reduction Legislation / 3.9 3.9 Establishing Waste Reduction Goals / 3.10 3.10 Legislating Local Government Responsibility / 3.12 3.11 Making Producers and Retailers Responsible for Waste / 3.16 3.12 Advanced Disposal Fees / 3.18 3.13 Special Waste Legislation / 3.20 3.14 Market Development Initiatives / 3.21 3.15 State Funding / 3.25 3.16 Flow Control Legislation: Interstate Movement of Unprocessed and Processed Solid Waste / 3.25 References / 3.27 Appendix: State Solid Waste Regulatory Agencies / 3.28

vi

CONTENTS

Chapter 4. Planning for Municipal Solid Waste Management Programs James E. Kundell and Deanna L. Ruffer 4.1 4.2 4.3

State Solid Waste Management Planning / 4.1 Local and Regional Solid Waste Management Planning / 4.7 Conclusions / 4.13 References / 4.14

Chapter 5. Solid Waste Stream Characteristics Marjorie A. Franklin 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7

5.1

Municipal Solid Waste Defined / 5.1 Methods of Characterizing Municipal Solid Waste / 5.2 Materials in Municipal Solid Waste by Weight / 5.3 Products in Municipal Solid Waste by Weight / 5.11 Municipal Solid Waste Management / 5.19 Discards of Municipal Solid Waste by Volume / 5.24 The Variability of Municipal Solid Waste Generation / 5.25 References / 5.30

Chapter 6. Source Reduction: Quantity and Toxicity Part 6A. Quantity Reduction Harold Leverenz 6A.1 6A.2 6A.3 6A.4 6A.5

4.1

6.1

Introduction / 6.1 Effects of Source Reduction / 6.2 Involvement by Government / 6.6 Developing a Source Reduction Plan / 6.15 Strategies for Source Reduction / 6.17 References / 6.25

Part 6B. Toxicity Reduction Ken Geiser 6B.1 6B.2 6B.3 6B.4 6B.5

The Toxicity of Trash / 6.27 Waste Management Policy / 6.30 Product Management Policy / 6.33 Production Management Policy / 6.37 A Sustainable Economy / 6.39 References / 6.40

Chapter 7. Collection of Solid Waste Hilary Theisen 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6

The Logistics of Solid Waste Collection / 7.1 Types of Waste Collection Services / 7.2 Types of Collection Systems, Equipment, and Personnel Requirements / 7.14 Collection Routes / 7.22 Management of Collection Systems / 7.25 Collection System Economics / 7.25 References / 7.27

Chapter 8. Recycling Harold Leverenz, George Tchobanoglous, and David B. Spencer 8.1 8.2

7.1

Overview of Recycling / 8.1 Recovery of Recyclable Materials from Solid Waste / 8.3

8.1

CONTENTS

8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6

vii

Development and Implementation of Materials Recovery Facilities / 8.10 Unit Operations and Equipment for Processing of Recyclables / 8.38 Environmental and Public Health and Safety Issues / 8.70 Recycling Economics / 8.74 References / 8.77

Chapter 9. Markets and Products for Recycled Material Harold Leverenz and Frank Kreith 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4

9.1

Sustainable Recycling / 9.1 Recycling Markets / 9.3 Market Development / 9.8 Trade Issues / 9.16 References / 9.17

Chapter 10. Household Hazardous Wastes (HHW) David E.B. Nightingale and Rachel Donnette 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6

10.1

Introduction / 10.1 Problems of Household Hazardous Products / 10.3 HHW Regulation and Policy / 10.16 Product Stewardship and Sustainability / 10.21 Education and Outreach / 10.26 HHW Collection, Trends, and Infrastructure / 10.29 References / 10.33

Chapter 11. Other Special Wastes Part 11A. Batteries Gary R. Brenniman, Stephen D. Casper, William H. Hallenbeck, and James M. Lyznicki 11A.1

Automobile and Household Batteries / 11.1 References / 11.14

Part 11B. Used Oil Stephen D. Casper, William H. Hallenbeck, and Gary R. Brenniman 11B.1

Used Oil / 11.15

Part 11C. Scrap Tires John K. Bell 11C.1 11C.2 11C.3 11C.4

Background / 11.31 Source Reduction and Reuse / 11.32 Disposal of Waste Tires / 11.33 Alternatives to Disposal / 11.34 References / 11.36

Part 11D. Construction and Demolition (C&D) Debris George Tchobanoglous 11D.1 11D.2 11D.3

Sources, Characteristics, and Quantities of C&D Debris / 11.39 Regulations Governing C&D Materials and Debris / 11.42 Management of C&D Debris / 11.42

11.1

viii

CONTENTS

11D.4 11D.5

Specifications for Recovered C&D Debris / 11.44 Management of Debris from Natural and Humanmade Disasters / 11.46 References / 11.47

Part 11E. Computer and Other Electronic Solid Waste Gary R. Brenniman and William H. Hallenbeck 11E.1 11E.2 11E.3 11E.4 11E.5 11E.6 11E.7

Introduction / 11.49 Hazardous Components in Computers and Electronic Waste / 11.50 Disposing of Computers is Hazardous / 11.53 Extended Producer Responsibility and Electronic Toxin Phaseouts / 11.55 Can a Clean Computer Be Designed? / 11.57 What Can You Do As a Computer Owner? / 11.58 Contacts and Resources for Dealing with Computer Waste / 11.58 References / 11.60

Chapter 12. Composting of Municipal Solid Wastes Luis F. Diaz, George M. Savage, and Clarence G. Golueke 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7

Principles / 12.3 Technology / 12.14 Economics / 12.27 Marketing Principles and Methods / 12.33 Environmental, Public, and Industrial Health Considerations / 12.40 Case Study / 12.45 Conclusions / 12.45 References / 12.47 Appendix 12A. Partial Listing of Vendors of Equipment and Systems for Composting MSW and Other Organic Wastes / 12.50 Appendix 12B. Costs for Composting MSW and Yard Wastes / 12.68

Chapter 13. Waste-to-Energy Combustion Introduction Frank Kreith Part 13A. Incineration Technologies Calvin R. Brunner 13A.1

Incineration / 13.3 References / 13.84

Part 13B. Ash Management and Disposal Floyd Hasselriis 13B.1 13B.2 13B.3 13B.4 13B.5 13B.6 13B.7 13B.8 13B.9 13B.10 13B.11

12.1

Sources and Types of Ash Residues / 13.85 Properties of Ash Residues / 13.86 Ash Management / 13.93 Landfill Disposal / 13.95 Regulatory Aspects / 13.97 Actual Leaching of MWC Ash / 13.99 Treatment of Ash Residues / 13.100 Environmental Impact of Ash Residue Use / 13.101 Ash Management Around the World / 13.102 Beneficial Use of Residues / 13.104 Analysis of Ash Residue Test Data / 13.109 References / 13.116

13.1

ix

CONTENTS

Part 13C. Emission Control Floyd Hasselriis 13C.1 13C.2 13C.3 13C.4 13C.5 13C.6 13C.7 13C.8 13C.9 13C.10

Introduction / 13.121 Emissions from Combustion / 13.124 Emission Standards and Guidelines / 13.126 Emission Control Devices / 13.132 Controlled and Uncontrolled Emission Factors / 13.154 Variability of Emissions / 13.160 Dispersion of Pollutants from Stack to Ground / 13.161 Risk Assessment / 13.165 Calculation of Municipal Waste Combustor Emissions / 13.168 Conversions and Corrections / 13.171 References / 13.174

Chapter 14. Landfilling Philip R. O’Leary and George Tchobanoglous 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9

14.1

The Landfill Method of Solid Waste Disposal / 14.2 Generation and Composition of Landfill Gases / 14.10 Formation, Composition, and Management of Leachate / 14.30 Intermediate and Final Landfill Cover / 14.47 Structural and Settlement Characteristics of Landfills / 14.54 Landfill Design Considerations / 14.58 Landfill Operation / 14.69 Environmental Quality Monitoring at Landfills / 14.77 Landfill Closure, Postclosure Care, and Remediation / 14.84 References / 14.88

Chapter 15. Siting Municipal Solid Waste Facilities David Laws, Lawrence Susskind, and Jason Corburn 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5

15.1

Introduction / 15.1 Understanding the Sources of Public Concern / 15.1 A Typical Siting Chronology / 15.4 Building Consensus on Siting Choices / 15.8 Conclusions / 15.16 References / 15.17

Chapter 16. Financing and Life-Cycle Costing of Solid Waste Management Systems Nicholas S. Artz, Jacob E. Beachey, and Philip R. O’Leary 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5

Financing Options / 16.2 Issues in Financing Choices / 16.5 Steps to Secure System Financing / 16.8 Life-Cycle Costing / 16.10 Summary / 16.16 References

16.1

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CONTRIBUTORS

Nicholas S. Artz (CHAP. 16).

Franklin Associates, Ltd., 4121 W. 83rd Street, Suite 108, Prairie Village, KS 666208

Jacob E. Beachey Franklin Associates, Ltd., 4121 W. 83rd Street, Suite 108, Prairie Village, KS 66208 (CHAP. 16). John K. Bell California Integrated Waste Management Board (CIWMB), 8800 Cal Center Drive, Sacramento, CA 95826 (CHAP. 11C). Gary R. Brenniman School of Public Health, University of Illinois, 2121 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612-7260 (CHAPS. 11A, 11B, 11E). Calvin R. Brunner Incinerator Consultant, Inc., 11204 Longwood Grove Drive, Reston,VA 22094 (CHAP. 13A). Stephen D. Casper School of Public Health, University of Illinois, 2121 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612-7260 (CHAPS. 11A, 11B). Jason Corburn Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 77 Massachusetts Ave., RM 3-411, Cambridge, MA 02139 (CHAP. 15). Luis F. Diaz CalRecovery, Inc., 1850 Gateway Boulevard, Suite 1060, Concord, CA 94520 (CHAP. 12). Rachel Donnette Thurston County Environmental Health, 2000 Lakeridge Drive SW, Olympia, WA 98502 (CHAP. 10). Barbara Foster National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), 1560 Broadway, Suite 700, Denver, CO 80202 (CHAP. 2). Marjorie A. Franklin Franklin Associates, Ltd., 4121 W. 83rd Street, Suite 108, Prairie Village, KS 66208 (CHAP. 5). Ken Geiser Toxics Use Reduction Institute, University of Lowell, 1 University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854 (CHAP. 6B). Jim Glenn BioCycle, 419 State Avenue, Emmaus, PA 18049 (CHAP. 3). Clarence G. Golueke CalRecovery, Inc., 1850 Gateway Boulevard, Suite 1060, Concord, CA 94520 (CHAP. 12). William H. Hallenbeck 1106 Maple Street, Western Springs, IL 60558 (CHAPS. 11A, 11B, 11E). Floyd Hasselriis Engineering Consultant, 52 Seasongood Road, Forest Hills Gardens, New York, NY 11375 (CHAPS. 13B, 13C). Kelly Hill 105 Rosella Avenue, Fairbanks, AK 99701 (CHAP. 3). Frank Kreith Engineering Consultant, 1485 Sierra Drive, Boulder, CO 80302 (CHAPS. 1, 9, 13). James E. Kundell Vinson Institute of Government, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (CHAP. 4). David Laws Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 77 Massachusetts Ave., RM 3-411, Cambridge, MA 02139 (CHAP. 15). Harold Leverenz Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 (CHAPS. 6A, 8, 9).

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xii

CONTRIBUTORS

James M. Lyznicki School of Public Health, 2121 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612-7260 (CHAP. 11A). David E. B. Nightingale Solid Waste and Financial Assistance Program, Washington State Department of Ecology, P.O. Box 47775, Olympia, WA 98504-7775 (CHAP. 10). Philip R. O’Leary University of Wisconsin, 432 N. Lake Street, Madison, WI 53706 (CHAPS. 14, 16). Edward W. Repa National Solid Waste Management Association (NSWMA), 1730 Rhode Island Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 (CHAP. 2). Deanna K. Ruffer Vinson Institute of Government, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (CHAP. 4). George M. Savage CalRecovery, Inc., 1850 Gateway Boulevard, Suite 1060, Concord, CA 94520 (CHAP. 12). David B. Spencer WTE Corporation, 7 Alfred Circle, Bedford, MA 01730 (CHAP. 8). Lawrence Susskind Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., RM 3-411, Cambridge, MA 02139 (CHAP. 15). George Tchobanoglous Engineering Consultant, 662 Diego Place, Davis, CA 95616 (CHAPS. 1, 8, 11D). Hilary Theisen Solid Waste Consultant, 2451 Palmira Place, San Ramon, CA 94583 (CHAP. 7). Marcia E. Williams LECG, 333 South Grand Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90071 (CHAP. 1).

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

The first edition of this handbook was an outgrowth of a two-day conference on integrated solid waste management in June 1989, sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), and the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL). At that time, the management of solid waste was considered a national crisis, because the number of available landfills was decreasing, there was a great deal of concern about the health risks associated with waste incineration, and there was growing opposition to siting new waste management facilities. The crisis mode was exacerbated by such incidents as the ship named Mobro, filled with waste, sailing from harbor to harbor and not being allowed to discharge its ever-more-fragrant cargo; a large number of landfills, built with insufficient environmental safeguards, that were placed on the Superfund List; and stories about the carcinogenic effects of emissions from incinerators creating fear among the population. In the 12 years that have intervened between the time the first edition was written and the preparation of the second edition, solid waste management has achieved a maturity that has removed virtually all fear of it being a crisis. Although the number of landfills is diminishing, larger ones are being built with increased safeguards that prevent leaching or the emission of gases. Improved management of hazardous waste and the emergence of cost-effective integrated waste management systems, with greater emphasis on waste reduction and recycling, have reduced or eliminated most of the previous concerns and problems associated with solid waste management. Improved air pollution control devices on incinerators have proven to be effective, and a better understanding of hazardous materials found in solid waste has led to management options that are considered environmentally acceptable. While there have been no revolutionary breakthroughs in waste management options, there has been a steady advance in the technologies necessary to handle solid waste materials safel...