SPED103 Matrix - Exceptionalities or Disabilities Under Special Education PDF

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Summary

2016 Special Education SPED103 JULIAN, ANNA GRACE B. SUBMITTED TO: | Prof. Jenny Bartolome Peñaredondo Disabilities/Disorders Characteristics Causes Types Treatment Famous people does t ake o e tio s  Heredity Dyslexia Mastery Model  Whoopi Goldberg  Learners work at their -award-winning actress ...

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2016

Special Education SPED103 JULIAN, ANNA GRACE B.

SUBMITTED TO: | Prof. Jenny Bartolome Peñaredondo

Disabilities/Disorders

Learning Disability -refers to a group of disorders that affect a broad range of academic and functional skills including the ability to speak, listen, read, write, spell, reason and organize information.

Causes

Characteristics does t ake o e tio s in similar learning concepts has difficulty comparing things or classifying and sorting items according to a specific criteria time concepts present difficulty, before, after, tomorrow, last week, etc. ofte does t get jokes or ideas in humorous situations creativity and imagination is usually limited often slow to respond difficult time predicting what may happen next, or answering comprehension type questions comments are often off track difficulty thinking in a logical sequential manner difficulty with number concepts often requires a great deal of clarification and one to one support

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Heredity LDs often run in the family. Children with LDs are likely to have parents or other relatives with similar difficulties. Problems during Pregnancy and Birth LDs can also be caused by head injuries, malnutrition or by toxic exposure (such as heavy metals or pesticides). Brain Damage or Dysfunction Some professionals believe that all children with LDs suffer from some type of brain injury or dysfunction of the central nervous system. Biochemical Imbalance It was theorized that biochemical disturbances ithi a hild s ody cause learning disabilities. Environmental Factors impoverished living conditions early in a hild s life a d poor instruction

Types Dyslexia

Dysgraphia

Dyscalculia

Dyspraxia

Dysphasia

Aphasia

Central Auditory Processing Disorder

Visual Processing Disorder

Non-Verbal Learning Disorder

Treatment Mastery Model  Learners work at their own level of mastery.  Practice  Gain fundamental skills before moving to the next level  Direct Instruction  Highly structured, intensive instruction  Scripted lesson plans  Rapid-paced interaction between teacher and students  Correcting mistakes immediately  Frequent progress assessments  Classroom Adjustments  Special seating arrangements  Quiet environment  Special Equipment  Word processors with spell characters and dictionaries  Talking calculators  Books on tape  Computer-based activities  Classroom Assistants  Note-takers  Readers  Proofreaders  Scribes  Special Education  Prescribed hours in a resource room  Enrolment in a special school for learning disabled students

Famous people

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Whoopi Goldberg -award-winning actress and comedian Dyslexia “They thought I was lazy so they put me in the slow class. But my mom was a Head Start teacher, and she told me, ‘You’re not slow, you’re just different.’” —Brattleboro Reformer  Henry Winkler -actor, director and author Dyslexia “Somebody asked me if I could go back and start again with a different brain, would I. Years ago I thought yes, I would, and now I know I wouldn’t. Because whatever challenges I had in school, I guess they forced me to where I am today. So I now see them as an asset.” —USA Today  Salma Hayek - director, producer and Oscarnominated actress Dyslexia “I’m really a fast learner. I always was, which is maybe why in high school they didn’t realize I had dyslexia. I skipped years without studying too much. [The dyslexia] doesn’t bother me now. Some people read really fast, but you’ll ask them questions about the script and they’ll forget. I take a long time to read a script, but I read it only once.” —WebMD

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Disabilities/Disorders

Visual Impairment - Visual impairment including blindness is an impairment in vision that, even with correction, adversely affects an individual’s educational performance. (IDEA 2004)

Characteristics

Causes

Types

Treatment

Famous people

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Visually impaired persons are not impaired in language functioning; auditory more than visual perception is the sensory modality through which we learn language. BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERISTICS Unusual turning of head Holding reading material extremely close to the face Squints or shades eyes to view objects Reluctance to participate in social and physical activities Fails to make eye contact when talking to other people COGNITIVE CHARACTERISTICS Remaining senses, do not compensate entirely with the need to acquire variety of experiences. Restriction in movement. Detachment from the environment. ACADEMIC INVOLVEMENT Difficulty copying from the board Confusion in letters and numbers appropriately Using markers (e.g. pencil, finger) when reading Requires additional time to finish/complete a task Difficulty with color identification or color coordination

Causes of visual impairment

Types of visual impairment According to the CDC and the World Health Organization the classification of visual acuity and impairment includes (1, 2) –

EDUCATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS 1. Braille – developed by Louis Braille as a system of writing and reading for the blind. 2. Use of remaining sight – using LARGE PRINT BOOKS and MAGNIFYING DEVICES 3. Listening skills – using recoded material or compressed-speech device 4. Orientation and Mobility training – used to develop their navigational skills as well as their independence and social integration (e.g. using longa canes, guide dogs)

Stevie Wonder - (born Steveland Hardaway Judkins on May 13, 1950, name later changed to Steveland Hardaway Morris), is an American singersongwriter, multiinstrumentalist, and record producer. Blind from infancy, Wonder signed with Motown Records as a pre-adolescent at age twelve, and continues to perform and record for the label to this day. It is thought that he received excessive oxygen in his incubator which led to retinopathy of prematurity, a destructive ocular disorder affecting the retina, characterized by abnormal growth of blood vessels, scarring, and sometimes retinal detachment. Andrea Bocelli - (born 22 September 1958) Andrea Bocelli had become blind at the age of 12 years old following a football accident in which he was hit in the head. At 6 years old Bocelli was taking piano lessons before also learning the saxophone and the flute. His family would always ask him to sing, Bocelli once said "I don't think a singer decides to sing, it is the others who choose that you sing by their reactions". Bocelli has also sung with other great singers such as Pavarotti.

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Injury to the eyes Inherited conditions of blindness and

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vision impairment

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Infections of the eyes

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Amblyopia

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Cataract

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Diabetic retinopathy

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Glaucoma

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Age related Macular degeneration

AIDS related visual impairment Cancer of the eyes

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Low visual acuity means vision between 20/70 and 20/400 with the best possible correction, or a visual field of 20 degrees or less  Blindness is defined as a visual acuity worse than 20/400 with the best possible correction, or a visual field of 10 degrees or less  Legal blindness in the US means visual acuity of 20/200 or worse with the best possible correction, or a visual field of 20 degrees or less. Visual acuity of 20/70 to 20/400 (inclusive) is considered moderate visual impairment or low vision.

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Disabilities/Disorders

Intellectual Disability -Significally subaverage general intellectual functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance. (IDEA 2004)

Characteristics

Causes

Types

Academic Characteristics Have problems on measures of passage comprehension, letter/word indentification, mathematical calculation, and applied problem assessments Attention Characteristics In general, students with ID have problems attending to tasks. May desire more personal feedback from others therefore, may pay more attention to people rather than to task requirements. Memory Characteristics Have problems specifically with working memory: part of the memory that holds information for short periods. Transfer & Generalizations Characteristics Have deficits in the ability to transfer information; apply learning to new, yet similar situations, and to generalize, or apply learning in different situations based on past learnings. Language Characteristics Delays in learning vocabulary or engaging adequately in the giveand-take of conversation. May affect the ability to construct more complex verbal messages. Social and Personal Characteristics Problems on socializing with children without disabilities Reflect their own expectations of themselves, which are frequently based on their past experiences with failure or success. Adaptive Behavior Characteristics Deficits in interpersonal skills, language skills, daily living skills, maintaining a safe environment Not knowing how and when to perform a skill

The most common causes of intellectual disability are:

Fragile X syndrome (FXS)

Genetic conditions. These include things like Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome. Problems during pregnancy. Things that can interfere with fetal brain development include alcohol or drug use, malnutrition, certain infections, or preeclampsia. Problems during childbirth. Intellectual disability may result if a baby is deprived of oxygen during childbirth or born extremely premature Illness or injury. Infections like meningitis, whooping cough, or the measles can lead to intellectual disability. Severe head injury, near-drowning, extreme malnutrition, infections in the brain, exposure to toxic substances such as lead, and severe neglect or abuse can also cause it. None of the above. In two-thirds of all children who have intellectual disability, the cause is unknown.

FXS is the most common known cause of an inherited intellectual disability worldwide. FXS is a genetic condition caused by a mutation (a change in the DNA structure) in the X chromosome.

Down syndrome is not a disease or illness, it is a genetic disorder which occurs when someone is born with a full, or partial, extra copy of chromosome 21 in their DNA. Developmental delay When a child develops at a slower rate compared to other children of the same age, they may have a developmental delay. One or more areas of their development may be affected including their ability to move, communicate, learn, understand, or interact with other children.

Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a rare and complex genetic disorder which affects around 1 in 10,000 - 20,000 people. This disability is quite complex and it’s caused by an abnormality in the genes of chromosome 15.

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)refers to a number of conditions that are caused when an unborn foetus is exposed to alcohol. When a mother is pregnant, alcohol crosses the placenta from the mother’s bloodstream into the baby’s, exposing the baby to similar concentrations as the mother.

Treatment Prevention: 

Magnetic imaging and computer tomography  Amniocentesis: sampling of amniotic fluid prior to birth  Chorionic Villi Sampling: removal of and testing a small amount of placental tissue Good prenatal and neonatal care

Famous people Albert Einstein Everyone knows who Albert Einstein was. He was a theoretical physicist, the one who developed theory of relativity, which is one of the two pillars of the modern physics. He also became known for his formula E = mc2, the mass-energy equivalence. Due to his works, he received several awards including the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics. As a kid, Einstein experienced difficulty in talking. He also could not read until he reached the age of 9. Due to those concerns, there was a point when his teachers even considered Einstein as mentally deficient. The teachers also described him as a dreamer and unsociable kid. When he became a teenager particular when he was an incoming college student, it was a misfortune that he was not able to pass the exam. That was a part of the intellectual disability of Einstein. Even if that was the case, with the patience he came to have, he used it to persevere. In the end, when he became as the Albert Einstein known by people now and no one even expected that it will happen.

Richard Branson He is an English investor and business magnate. As a famous person, he became k o as the Virgi Group s fou der. At present, he is considered as the 4th richest United Kingdom citizen. As a person with intellectual disability, Branson considered going to school as a nightmare. Usually, the scores he got from the exams he took were disappointing. Thus, it often leads to question about what his future would be. He suffered from dyslexia, which was something that made him embarrassed. The thing is, no one from his educators dis o ered his Bra so s true gift. Branson has the ability to connect in a level that is personal.

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Disabilities/Disorders

Autism Spectrum Disorder -is a serious neurodevelopment disorder that impairs a child's ability to communicate and interact with others. It also includes restricted repetitive behaviors, interests and activities. These issues cause significant impairment in social, occupational and other areas of functioning.

Characteristics Social Skills: Very little or no eye to eye contact. Resistance to being held or touched. Does not generally share observations or experiences with others. Difficulty of understanding jokes, figures of speech and sarcasm. Difficulty understanding group interactions. Difficulty maintaining friendships. Difficulty reading facial expressions and body language. Difficulty understanding the rules of conversation. Linguistic/Language Development: Speech is unusual loud or quiet. Difficulty whispering. Repeats last words or phrases several times. Often uses short, incomplete sentences. Pronouns are often inappropriately used. May have a very high vocabulary. Uses a person’s name excessively when speaking to them Speech started very early and then stopped for a period of time. Difficulty understanding directional terms Behaviors: Obsessions with objects, ideas or desires. Ritualistic or compulsive behavior patterns Difficulty attending to some tasks. Gross motor skills are developmentally behind peers Fine motor skills are developmentally behind peers Inability to perceive potentially dangerous situations. Extreme fear for no apparent reason. Unexpected movements. Difficulty sensing time.

Causes U k o The exact cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is currently unknown. It's a complex condition and may occur as a result of genetic predisposition (a natural tendency), environmental or unknown factors. Genes Most researchers believe that certain genes a child inherits from their parents could make them more vulnerable to developing ASD. Cases of ASD have been known to run in families. For example, younger siblings of children with ASD can also develop the condition, and it's common for identical twins to both develop ASD. No specific genes linked to ASD have been identified, but it may be a presenting feature of some rare genetic syndromes, including Fragile X syndrome, Williams syndrome and Angelman syndrome.

Types

 Asperger Syndrome People with Asperger syndrome usually have some milder symptoms of autistic disorder. They might have social challenges and unusual behaviors and interests. However, they typically do not have problems with language or intellectual disability.

 Childhood Disintegrative Disorder or Heller's syndrome, is an extremely rare form of autism which involves regression of developmental ability in language, social function and motor skills. It is a devastating condition of unknown cause.

 Pervasive

Developmental Disorder

– Not Otherwise Specified PDD-NOS; also called "atypical autism" People who meet some of the criteria for autistic disorder or Asperger syndrome, but not all, may be diagnosed with PDD-NOS. People with PDD-NOS usually have fewer and milder symptoms than those with autistic disorder. The symptoms might cause only social and communication challenges.

Treatment

Famous people

• Behavior and Communication Approaches Applied behavior analysis that focuses on teaching verbal skills, teach each step of a desired behavior or response or • Educational Environment PECS uses picture symbols to teach communication skills. • ParentMediated Therapy Parents can also conduct some therapies with children who are at risk of autism but are too young to be diagnosed. • Physical Therapy Physical therapy includes activities and exercises that build motor skills and improve strength, posture, and balance.

Albert Einstein had difficulty with social interactions, had tactile sensitivity, was very intelligent yet found his language difficult at times, and had difficulty learning in school. Sir Isaac Newton was very quiet and not very good at s all talk , or typical day to day conversations. Newton was not good at keeping or making friends as he did not appear friendly, nor did he know how to talk with individuals he did consider to be friends.

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Difficulty waiting for their turn. Causes injury to self. Emotions or Sensitivities: Sensitivity or lack of sensitivity to sounds, textures (touch), tastes, smells or light. Laughs, cries or throws a tantrum for no apparent reason. May need to be left alone to release tension and frustration. Becomes overwhelmed with too much verbal direction. Inappropriate touching of self in public situations. Desires comfort items Tends to either tune out or break down when being reprimanded. School-related skills: Exceptionally high skills in some areas and very low in others. Excellent rote memory in some areas. Difficulty with reading comprehension Difficulty with fine motor activities Short attention span for most lessons. Resistance or inability to follow directions. Difficulty transitioning from one activity to another in school. Health/Movement: Walks on toes or unusual gait. Difficulty moving through a space Appearance of hearing problems, but hearing has been checked and is fine. Allergies and food sensitivities. Irregular sleep patterns. Apparent lack of concern for personal hygiene

Environmental triggers Some researchers believe that a person born with a genetic vulnerability to ASD only develops the condition if they're exposed to a specific environmental trigger. Possible triggers include being born prematurely (before 35 weeks of pregnancy), or being exposed in the womb to alcohol or to certain medication, such as sodium valproate (sometimes used to treat epilepsy during pregnancy). No conclusive evidence has been found linking pollution or maternal infections in pregnancy with an increased risk of ASD.

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Disabilities/Disorders

Hearing Impairment -An impairment in hearing, whether permanent or fluctuating, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance, in the most severe case because the child is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing. National Center for Education Statistics (2002c)

Characteristic s Experiential Learning - Lack of schema/schemata. Academic Characteristics LANGUAGE Limited conversation. Question- and-answer interchanges. – READING Struggle to become fluent readers. *highly heterogeneous group – WRITING Slow improvement in written language. *highly heterogeneous group – MATHEMATI...