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Praise for Career Development and Counseling: Putting Theory and Research to Work, Second Edition ‘‘Outdoing even their excellent first edition, Brown and Lent have strength- ened the emphasis on scientifically-informed career practice and on issues of diversity, individual differences, and social ...

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Praise for Career Development and Counseling: Putting Theory and Research to Work, Second Edition ‘‘Outdoing even their excellent first edition, Brown and Lent have strengthened the emphasis on scientifically-informed career practice and on issues of diversity, individual differences, and social justice. This volume is an essential resource for the library of anyone interested in the field of career development, assessment, and counseling and should also prove invaluable for graduate students interested in immersing themselves in some of the best work being done today in the field of career development and counseling.’’ Nancy E. Betz, PhD Professor, Department of Psychology The Ohio State University ‘‘In this second edition, Drs. Lent and Brown continue to shape career development discourse and illustrate the ongoing significance of the fields of career development and counseling in the 21st century. Woven into the fabric of each chapter are multicultural and practice implications, addressing the complex sociocultural issues salient in career development. This edition will help both researchers and practitioners alike to better understand, investigate, and promote the role of work in people’s lives.’’ Angela Byars-Winston, PhD Associate Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin–Madison ‘‘This handbook is a great resource for the student, experienced practitioner, and the researcher in the areas of career counseling and vocational psychology. The coverage of career development theory is detailed and current, and the handbook provides a comprehensive review of approaches to the practice of career counseling. I highly recommend this valuable contribution to the literature.’’ Gail Hackett, PhD Provost and Executive Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs University of Missouri, Kansas City

‘‘Career Development and Counseling is a must-have for any researcher in vocational psychology or career counseling or anyone who wishes to understand the empirical underpinnings of the practice of career counseling. If you wish to know why good career counseling works, this is the book for you.’’ Mark Pope, EdD, MCC Professor and Chair, Department of Counseling and Family Therapy University of Missouri–Saint Louis Former President, National Career Development Association & American Counseling Association Editor, The Career Development Quarterly

Career Development and Counseling Putting Theory and Research to Work

Second Edition

Edited by

Steven D. Brown Robert W. Lent

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Cover image:  Roman Ponomarets/iStockphoto Cover design: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright  2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If legal, accounting, medical, psychological or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. In all instances where John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or all capital letters. Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding trademarks and registration. For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some material included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-ondemand. If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, you may download this material at http://booksupport.wiley.com. For more information about Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Career development and counseling : putting theory and research to work / edited by Steven D. Brown, Robert W. Lent.—2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-118-06335-4 (cloth) ISBN 978-1-118-22222-5 (ebk.) ISBN 978-1-118-23627-7 (ebk.) ISBN 978-1-118-26097-5 (ebk.) 1. Career development. 2. Vocational guidance. 3. Counseling. I. Brown, Steven D. (Steven Douglas), 1947– II. Lent, Robert W. (Robert William), 1953– HF5381.C265273 2013 331.702—dc23 2012017192 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

For Elaine and Ellen

Contents

Preface

ix

Contributors

xi

1 Understanding and Facilitating Career Development in the 21st Century Robert W. Lent and Steven D. Brown

1

Section One MAJOR THEORIES OF CAREER DEVELOPMENT, CHOICE, AND ADJUSTMENT

2 Minnesota Theory of Work Adjustment Jane L. Swanson and Madalyn Schneider

29

3 Holland’s Theory of Vocational Choice and Adjustment Margaret M. Nauta

55

4 The Life-Span, Life-Space Theory of Careers Paul J. Hartung

83

5 Social Cognitive Career Theory Robert W. Lent

115

6 Career Construction Theory and Practice Mark L. Savickas

147

Section Two THE ROLE OF DIVERSITY, INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES, AND SOCIAL FACTORS IN CAREER DEVELOPMENT, CHOICE, AND ADJUSTMENT

7 Women, Men, and Work: The Long Road to Gender Equity Mary J. Heppner 8 The Role of Race and Ethnicity in Career Choice, Development, and Adjustment Nadya A. Fouad and Neeta Kantamneni 9 Social Class, Poverty, and Career Development Cindy L. Juntunen, Saba Rasheed Ali, and Kipp R. Pietrantonio

187

215 245

vii

viii

Contents

10 Career Development of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Individuals Jeffrey P. Prince

275

11 Personality, Career Development, and Occupational Attainment Steven D. Brown and Andreas Hirschi

299

12 Relational Influences on Career Development Maureen E. Kenny and Mary Beth Medvide

329

13 The Career Development of Youth and Young Adults With Disabilities Ellen S. Fabian and Roxanna Pebdani Section Three

357

ASSESSMENT AND OCCUPATIONAL INFORMATION

14 Nature, Importance, and Assessment of Interests Jo-Ida C. Hansen

387

15 Nature, Importance, and Assessment of Needs and Values James Rounds and Jing Jin

417

16 Ability and Aptitude Assessment in Career Counseling A. J. Metz and Janice E. Jones

449

17 Assessing Additional Constructs Affecting Career Choice and Development Patrick J. Rottinghaus and P. Maggie Hauser 18 The Structure, Sources, and Uses of Occupational Information Paul A. Gore Jr., Wade C. Leuwerke, and Alexandra R. Kelly

477 507

Section Four COUNSELING, DEVELOPMENTAL, AND PREVENTIVE INTERVENTIONS

19 Promotion of Career Awareness, Development, and School Success in Children and Adolescents 539 Sherri L. Turner and Richard T. Lapan 20 Promotion of Career Choices Susan C. Whiston and Barbara Noblin James

565

21 Interventions to Aid Job Finding and Choice Implementation LaRae M. Jome and Susan D. Phillips

595

22 Promoting Work Satisfaction and Performance Robert W. Lent and Steven D. Brown

621

23 Counseling Adults for Career Transitions Becky L. Bobek, Mary Ann Hanson, and Steven B. Robbins

653

Author Index

683

Subject Index

695

Preface

T

Career Development and Counseling: Putting Theory and Research to Work, like the first edition, has as its primary goal the promotion of scientifically informed career practices. It is, therefore, intended to be helpful to a wide audience of students, practitioners, and researchers who are interested in basing their work on the best that science and theory have to offer—science and theory emanating directly from vocational psychology as well as other disciplines that can inform career practice. This edition of the text maintains continuity with the first edition in several ways. First, Section One is devoted to major theories of career development, choice, and adjustment that (a) either have received direct empirical attention or are derived from other, well-studied theories and (b) have clear implications for practice. Although the theories we include have received varying amounts of research support, all have the potential to generate new empirical knowledge as well as practical applications. As in the first edition, our goal was not to provide encyclopedic coverage of all available theories, but rather to focus selectively on those that appear to be empirically viable and useful in practice. Second, this edition also includes separate sections devoted to the assessment of important career constructs and occupational information systems (Section Three) and to interventions for working with career issues across the life span (Section Four), which are mainstay topics of vocational psychology and career development. Third, we asked authors to be selective, scientific, and interdisciplinary in their coverage—to highlight assessment devices, information tools, and interventions that have garnered some scientific support and that have clear implications for practice—and to incorporate literatures from other fields of inquiry (e.g., industrial/organizational psychology, personality psychology) that can inform career research and practice. Despite these continuities with the first edition, this edition departs from the earlier one in several important ways. The most prominent change in this edition is that we have reconfigured Section Two to focus to a greater extent than in the first edition on the roles of diversity, individual differences, and social factors in the career development process. This edition, therefore, HIS EDITION OF

ix

x

Preface

contains separate chapters devoted to gender, race/ethnicity, social class and poverty, sexual minority identity, disability status, personality, and relational factors. An additional change is that we now include an introductory chapter to set the table for the book by defining the purview of career development, discussing the importance of career counseling in the 21st century, and offering a brief history of career science and practice. This chapter is intended to encourage students to see the unique role of work in people’s lives, its interface with other life domains (e.g., family, education, leisure), and the value of assisting people to surmount hurdles to occupational functioning. It is also intended to dispel myths and biases that sometimes surface regarding career counseling and to encourage a view of career development and counseling as vital, relevant areas of scholarship and practice. We also, frankly, wanted to improve this edition’s ability to speak directly to practitioners. Although the first edition, like this one, was developed to promote scientifically based practices, the practice implications of some chapters in the first edition were not always sufficiently clear. Thus, we asked all authors, regardless of specific topic, to think carefully about the practice implications of their chapters and to end their chapters by summarizing in a clear and concise way some of the most important practical take-home messages of their chapters. We have many people to thank for their help throughout this process. First, we thank all of the students who have taken our courses and who continue to shape our thinking about how to teach career development and counseling in ways that are scientifically informed and useful to practitioners. Second, we are grateful to have had a gifted group of contributing authors whose chapters taught us a great deal and who were exceptionally open to editorial dialogue. Third, we appreciated the valuable input we received at various stages of the book from Ellen Lent and Mark Savickas, who served as sounding boards for particular topics and provided feedback on some of the chapters that we ourselves had authored. Fourth, we were grateful for the superb help we received from Rachel Livsey, our editor at Wiley, and her editorial assistant, Amanda Orenstein. Finally, we (as always) thank our families, friends, and colleagues for their support and inspiration. We could not have completed this edition of Career Development and Counseling: Putting Theory and Research to Work without them. Steven D. Brown Robert W. Lent March 30, 2012

Contributors Saba Rasheed Ali, PhD University of Iowa Iowa City, IA

Paul J. Hartung, PhD Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown, OH

Becky L. Bobek, PhD ACT Iowa City, IA

P. Maggie Hauser, MA Southern Illinois University Carbondale Carbondale, IL

Steven D. Brown, PhD Loyola University Chicago Chicago, IL Ellen S. Fabian, PhD University of Maryland College Park, MD

Mary J. Heppner, PhD University of Missouri–Columbia Columbia, MO Andreas Hirschi, PhD University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland

Nadya A. Fouad, PhD University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee Milwaukee, WI

Barbara Noblin James, MEd Indiana University Bloomington, IN

Paul A. Gore Jr., PhD University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT

Jing Jin, MA University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Champaign, IL

Jo-Ida C. Hansen, PhD University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Minneapolis, MN

LaRae M. Jome, PhD University at Albany, State University of New York Albany, NY

Mary Ann Hanson, PhD ACT Iowa City, IA

Janice E. Jones, PhD Cardinal Stritch University Greendale, WI xi

xii

Contributors

Cindy L. Juntunen, PhD University of North Dakota Grand Forks, ND

Kipp R. Pietrantonio, MA University of North Dakota Grand Forks, ND

Neeta Kantamneni, PhD University of Nebraska Lincoln, NE

Jeffrey P. Prince, PhD University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA

Alexandra R. Kelly, MS.Ed University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT Maureen E. Kenny, PhD Boston College Chestnut Hill, MA Richard T. Lapan, PhD University of Massachusetts–Amherst Amherst, MA Robert W. Lent, PhD University of Maryland College Park, MD Wade C. Leuwerke, PhD Drake University Des Moines, IA Mary Beth Medvide, MA Boston College Chestnut Hill, MA A. J. Metz, PhD University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT Margaret M. Nauta, PhD Illinois State University Normal, IL Roxanna Pebdani, PhD University of Maryland College Park, MD Susan D. Phillips, PhD University at Albany, State University of New York Albany, NY

Steven B. Robbins, PhD ETS Princeton, NJ Patrick J. Rottinghaus, PhD Southern Illinois University Carbondale Carbondale, IL James Rounds, PhD University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Champaign, IL Mark L. Savickas, PhD Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown, OH Madalyn Schneider, MA Southern Illinois University Carbondale Carbondale, IL Jane L. Swanson, PhD Southern Illinois University Carbondale Carbondale, IL Sherri L. Turner, PhD University of Minnesota–Twin Cities Minneapolis, MN Susan C. Whiston, PhD 0 Indiana University Bloomington, IN

CHAPTER 1

Understanding and Facilitating Career Development in the 21st Century ROBERT W. LENT AND STEVEN D. BROWN

W

What role does it play in our lives? Why should counselors and psychologists focus on work behavior? What do they have to offer people who are in the process of preparing to enter the world of work, adjusting to the workplace, experiencing problems or major changes in their work lives, or preparing to leave the work role? How does work relate to other life roles? Should work be seen as an impediment or as a complement to involvement in family and other life domains? Is counseling for work issues any different than counseling for other issues? These are all questions that captivate and challenge those who study work behavior from a psychological perspective or who seek to assist students, workers, and retirees in the process of preparing for, entering, surviving or thriving within, or exiting from the work world. Not surprisingly, such questions form the foundation of this book, which is aimed at introducing students (and reacquainting professionals) in the helping professions with the literature on career development and counseling. This literature includes foundational and evolving theories of work and career behavior, research on a host of work-related constructs, and efforts to translate theory and research into practical efforts to help people experience optimally satisfying and successful work lives. This chapter is designed to set the stage for the rest of the book by briefly considering the role of work in people’s lives, sketching the conceptual and professional boundaries of career development and counseling, discussing HY DO PEOPLE WORK?

1

2

Career Development and Counseling

some of the myths and realities that surround the field, and describing its historical context and contemporary challenges. Our primary goal is to convince the reader that work and career is one of the most important domains of life that counselors and psychologists can study—and that it is also one of the most meaningful targets of intervention in our roles as counselors, therapists, educators, and advocates. Freud was said to have equated mental health with the capacity to love and to work. Although these capacities may not truly b...