Study Guide Exam 1 Business Law PDF

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Study Guide for the midterm 1...

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St udyGui deExam 1Bus i nes sLa w Chapt e r1

Bas i sofAme r i c anl a w –Cons t i t ut i ons  “ TheCons t i t ut i on”us ua l l yr e f e r st ot heUni t e dSt a t e sCons t i t ut i on, whi c hgove r ns e nt i r eU. S.  Al ll a wsi nt heU. S.mus tc ompl ywi t ht heU. S.Cons t i t ut i ons i nc ei ti s“ t hes upr e me l a wo ft hel a nd” -Anys t a t ut e( f ede r a lors t a t e )t ha tc onfli c t swi t hU. S.Cons t i t ut i oni sunc ons t i t ut i onal ( i nva l i d) . -Anys t a t es t a t ut et ha tc onfli c t swi t hf e de r a ls t a t ut ei spr e e mpt e d( i nval i d) .  Howe ve r , e ac hs t a t ehasi t sowns t a t ec ons t i t ut i on,whi c hof t e npr ovi de saddi t i onal r i ght soranal t e r na t i vewa yt oha ver i ght s ;e . g . , e s t abl i s hme ntofr e l i gi onc l aus ei n r e c e nt“ Te nCommandme nt s ”c as ei nOkl ahoma .  Cons t i t ut i onsar eus ual l yge ne r al l ywor de da ndc ane ve nbeva gue .  Twopur pos e sf oranyc ons t i t ut i on: -Cr e a t egove r nme ntpowe r s /s t r uc t ur e . -Guar ant e ei ndi vi dualr i ght s .

Bas i sofAme r i c anl a w –St a t ut e s    

La wsc r e a t e dbyf e de r al ,s t a t eandl oc all e gi s l a t ur e s . Al s oc al l e dor di nanc es ,r e gul a t i onsandc ode s . Of t e nve r ydet ai l e d. Manyar e asofl a w gove r ne dbys t a t ut e s .

Bas i sofAme r i c anl a w-Admi ni s t r a t i veLa w  De c i s i onsandr ul e soff e de r al ,s t a t eandl oc aladmi ni s t r a t i vea ge nc i e s .  I mpor t a nts i nc emanyl a wsr e qui r eahe a r i ngbyanadmi ni s t r a t i vea ge nc ybe f or e be i ngabl et ofil eac as ei nc our t .  Si nc eadmi ni s t r a t i vea ge nc i e ss pe c i al i zei nac e r t ai nfie l d( e . g . , I RS, DMV) ,c our t s of t e ngi vegr e a tde f e r e nc et oadmi ni s t r a t i vea ge nc y’ sde c i s i ons ot ake admi ni s t r a t i vepr oc e e di ngss e r i ous l y .

CommonLa w –Hi s t or y  1066–Nor manConques t  1215 -Ma gnaCar t a  Ame r i c a ’ sl e gals ys t e mi sbas e donEngl a nd’ sc ommonl a ws ys t e m br oughtt ot he c ol oni e s .  Ci vi ll a wi sal s of oundwi t hi ns t a t el e galt r adi t i ons .  CommonLa w Ex c e pt i ons -Loui s i a naands out hwe s t e r ns t a t e s( i nc l udi ng Cal i f or ni a)

Bas i sofAme r i c anl a w-CommonorCa s eLa w  U. S. l e gals ys t e mi sa“ c ommonl a w”s ys t e m.  Cas eLW-J udgei sr e qui r e dt oi nt e r pr e tc ons t i t ut i ons ,s t a t ut e s ,r e gul a t i onsand/or pr i orc as e s( “ pr e c e de nt ”)i nor de rt omakede c i s i onofc ur r e ntdi s put e .  St a r eDe c i s i s( “t os t andondec i de dc as e s ”)or di na r i l yr e qui r e sj udge st of ol l ow pas tde c i s i ons ,whi c hf ac i l i t a t e spr e di c t abi l i t yands t a bi l i t yi nl e galandbus i ne s s ma t t e r s .  Bi ndi ngAut hor i t y-as our c eofl a w ac our tmus tf ol l ow whe nde c i di ngac as e /  Publ i cPol i c y  CommonLa w onl ygove r nst hos ear e asnotc ove r e dbys t a t ut or yoradmi ni s t r a t i ve l a w.  Re s t a t e me nt s–Se c ondar ys our c e st ha ts ummar i z et hec ommonl a wr ul e sf ol l owe d bymos ts t a t e s .Ex :Re s t a t e me ntoft heLa w ofCont r ac t s .

Sour c e sofAme r i c a nLa w-Summar y    

Cons t i t ut i ona lLa w St a t ut or yLa w Admi ni s t r a t i veLa w Cas eLa w andCommonLa w Doc t r i ne s

Equi t abl eMaxi ms

 Ge ne r als t a t e me nt sofwha ti sf a i randj us t .  Whi l et he s ear es t a t e me nt sofe qui t y ,l a wsof t e nbas e dont he m aswe l l . Ex: p. 7 e xhi bi t12 - Foc usonl as te xampl e -“Equi t yai dst hevi gi l a nt ,nott hos ewhor e s tont he i r r i ght s ”whi c hi st hebas i sf ors t a t ut eofl i mi t a t i onsandl a c he s .

Ca t e gor i e sofl a w  Subs t ant i vel a w vs . pr oc e dur all a w - Subs t ant i vel a w de finesl e galr i ght s ;mos twoul dj us tc al lt hi s“ t hel a w. ” - Pr oc e dur all a w pr ovi de st heme t hodsf orpr os e c ut i ngorde f e ndi ngl e galr i ght s .  Publ i cl a w vs .pr i va t el a w - Publ i cl a wi nvol ve sma t t e r sofpubl i ci nt e r e s t . - Pr i va t el a w pe r t ai nst ot hepar t i e st oadi s put eonl y .  Ci vi ll a w vs . c r i mi na ll a w - Ci vi ll a wr e l a t e st odut i e sbe t we e ni ndi vi dual s ,bus i ne s s e sand/orgove r nme nt ; us ual l yonl ymone yi nvol ve d. - Cr i mi nall a wr e l a t e st owr ongsa gai ns ts oc i e t yandi si nve s t i ga t e d, pr os e c ut e d andadmi ni s t e r e dbygove r nme nt .  La w vs . e qui t y - Ac t i ona tl a wi swhe npl ai nt i ffi ss e e ki ngmone y;r i ghtt oj ur yt r i al . - Ac t i oni ne qui t yi nvol ve snonmone t ar yr e l i e f ;c annotha vej ur yt r i al( s pe c i fic pe r f or manc e ,r e s c i s s i on,i nj unc t i on) .

Le ga lRe as oni ng–Br i e faCa s e  I RAC -I s s ue - Rul e - Ana l ys i s - Conc l us i on

Le ga lOpi ni ons

 Mos tde c i s i onsbyr e vi e wi ngorappe l l a t ec our t sa r ec ont ai ne di nwr i t t e nopi ni ons - Cour t ’ sr e as ons - Rul e sofl a wt ha ta ppl y -J udgme nt

Fi ndi ngCa s eLa w  Fe de r a lCas e s - U. S. Supr e meCour tandFe der alCour t s  St a t eCas e s - St a t eSupr e meCour tands t a t eappe l l a t ec our t s( us ua l l ynott r i all e ve lc our t s )  Publ i s he dOpi ni ons - Ci t abl e  Unpubl i s he dOpi ni ons - NonCi t abl e

Pa r t i e si naCi vi lLa ws ui t  Par t i e si nt heTr i alCour t - Pl ai nt i ff - De f e nda nt - Cr os s c ompl ai nant - Cr os sde f e nda nt - Par t yc anbemor et hanone ; e xampl e si nc l ude :  Bus i ne s sdi s put e -par t ne r ss ui nge ac hot he r .  Cons t r uc t i onde f e c tc as e -HOA, ge ne r alc ont r ac t ora nds ubc ont r ac t or ss ui nge ac h ot he rbas e donpr obl e msa tahous i ngde ve l opme nt .  Par t i e sonAppe al - Appe l l a nt . - Appe l l e eorr e s ponde nt . - Pos s i bl ec r os s appe l l a nt , c r os sappe l l e eorc r os s r e s ponde nt( i fc r os s appe al )but t hi si sr a r es i nc eus ua l l yc l e arwi nne randl os e ri nt r i a lc our t .

Somet e r mi nol ogyf orac i vi ll a ws ui t  At t or ne yorl a wy e r( s ynonymouswor ds )– pe r s onl i c e ns e dt opr a c t i c el a w.  Laws ui t( a kas ui t ,c l a i m orc a s e )– t hel i t i ga t i onorc our tpr oc e s s .  J udgme nt , or de rorr ul i nga r ea l lde c i s i onsb yac our t ;or de rorr ul i ngus ua l l ypr e l i mi na r y; j udgme nti sfina l .

Cha pt e r2/3 J udi c i alBr a nc hoft heGove r nme nt -I nt e r pr e t st heLa w - Revi e wst hel a wsa nda c t i onsoft heot he r2br a nc he sofgove r nme nt( Ex e c ut i ve& Le gi s l a t i ve )  Mar bur yv .Ma di s on-1 8 0 3 - Casedeci de db yUSSupr e meCour t

- Fe de r a la ndS t a t eCour t sha vet hepowe rt o: o De t e r mi net hel a wa nd o De c i debe t we e nc onfli c t i ngl a ws(Cons t i t ut i onorf e de r a l /s t a t el a w) o Thi si st he“… v e r ye s s e nc eofj udi c i aldut y . ”

Ba s i cJ udi c i alRe qui r e me nt s -J ur i s di c t i on - Venue - St a ndi ngt oSue

I nt r oduc t i ont oJ ur i s di c t i on  “J ur i s di c t i on” -t hepowe rofac our tt oma keade c i s i on( t os pe a kt hel a w)

- Per s ona lJ ur i s di c t i on( ove rpe r s onorpr ope r t y) - Subj e c tMa t t e rJ ur i s di c t i on  Themer i t soft hec a s e( whos houl dwi n)a r enotr e l e va ntwhe nde t e r mi ni ngwhe t he ra 

c our tha sj ur i s di c t i on. I fac our ta c t swi t houtj ur i s di c t i on, a nys uc hac t i on( e . g . ,j udgme nt ,or de rorot he rr ul i ng) i sv oi da ndc a nbes e ta s i debys ubs e que ntmot i oni nt r i a lc our torr e ve r s e db ya ppe l l a t e c our t .

Pe r s ona lJ ur i s di c t i on  “in personam” Jurisdiction = Court’s power to decide case involving certain party –is it fair for the court to proceed against this party (due process)? - General Jurisdiction = Jurisdiction for all matters.

- Specific Jurisdiction = Jurisdiction for matters arising out of activities conducted within state.

 “Cour twi l lha vepe r s ona lj ur i s di c t i onwhe n:

- Pr e s e nc e–s e r ve dwi t hs ummonsa ndc ompl a i ntwhi l ephys i c a l l ypr e s e nti nt hef or um j ur i s di c t i on. - Resi de nc e– pe r s onorbus i ne s sma ybes ue di nt he i rs t a t eofpe r ma ne ntr e s i de nc e .

- Consent–Par t yc a nv ol unt a r i l ya ppe a ra nds ubmi tt oj ur i s di c t i on. - Mi ni mum Cont a c t sOut of s t a t ede f e nda nt sba s e dona c t i vi t i e st ha tt ookpl a c ewi t hi n t hes t a t e .

 Per s ona lJ ur i s di c t i onove raCor por a t i on

- Cor por a t i onsa r ec ons i de r e dl e ga lpe r s onsunde rt hel a w. - Samepr i nc i pl e st ha ta ppl yt oi ndi vi dua l sa ppl yt oc or por a t i ons . - Cor por a t i on o Pl ac eofI nc or por a t i on=Re s i de nt o Loc a t i onofPr i nc i pa lOffic e=Re s i de nt o Mi ni mum Cont a c t sTe s t

 Mi ni mum Cont a c t s

- UnderSt a t e ’ sLongAr mS t a t ut e( CA CodeofCi vi lPr oc e dur e ,§ 4 1 0. 1 0 . ) - Par t i e s“ c oul dr e a s ona bl ye xpe c tt obeha l e di nt oc our t ”i nt ha ts t a t ea ndi tdoe s“ not offe ndt r a di t i ona lnot i onsoff a i rpl a ya nds ubs t a nt i a lj us t i c e . ”I nt e r na t i ona lShoeCo.v . Wa s hi ngt on3 2 6U. S.3 1 0( 1 94 5 ) .

o De f e nda nt ’ sa c t i vi t yi nt hes t a t ei sc ont i nuousa nds ys t e ma t i ca ndt hec a us eofa c t i oni s r e l a t e dt ot ha ta c t i vi t y .( “ Spe c i ficJ ur i s di c t i on” )

o Spor a di corc a s ua la c t i vi t y( s i ngl ea c t i vi t y)i snote noughwhe nt hec aus eofa c t i oni s no tr e l a t e dt ot hea c t i vi t ywi t hi nt hes t a t e . o S t a t ema ya s s e r tj ur i s di c t i ono ve rade f e nda ntwhos ec ont i nuousa c t i vi t i e si nt hes t a t e a r eunr e l a t e dt ot hec a us eofa c t i ons ue duponwhe nt hede f e nda nt ’ sc ont a c t sa r e s uffic i e nt l ys ubs t a nt i a la ndofs uc hana t ur ea st oma ket hes t a t e ’ sa s s e r t i onof j ur i s di c t i onr e a s ona bl e .( “ Ge ne r a lJ ur i s di c t i on” ) o Spor a di cors i ngl ea c t i vi t yi se noughf orpe r s ona lj ur i s di c t i onwhe nt hec a us eofa c t i on a r i s e soutoft ha ta c t i vi t yora c t ,ho we ve rDe f e nda ntmus tha ve“ pur pos e f ul l ydi r e c t e d” a c t i vi t i e sa tr e s i de nt soff or um s t a t eor“ pur pos e f ul l ya va i l e d”i t s e l fofbe ne fit sa nd pr ot e c t i onsofl a wsoff or um s t a t e. ( “ Spe c i ficJ ur i s di c t i on” )Wor l dwi deVol ks wa ge n Cor p.v .Woods on4 4U. S .2 8 6( 1 9 8 0 ) .

 Mi ni mum Cont a c t s -St r e a m ofComme r c e o Vol unt a r i l yorpur pos e f ul l ydi r e c t e dt he i ra c t i onst o wa r dst hef or um s t a t e .As ahi Me t a lI ndus t r yCo.Lt d.V. Supe r i orCour t4 8 0U. S. 10 2( 1 9 8 7) . -I nt e r ne t o Ent e ri nt oc ont r a c t swi t hr e s i de nt sofot he rs t a t e si nvol vi ngkno wi nga ndr e pe a t e d t r a ns mi s s i onofi nf or ma t i onove rt hei nt e r ne t . o Mor et ha nj us tapa s s i vewe bs i t e . o Zi ppoMa nuf a c t ur i ngCo .v .Zi ppoDotCom,I nc .9 5 2F . Supp.1 1 1 9( 1 9 9 7 ) .

Cybe r s pac eJ ur i s di c t i on  Sl i di ngSc a l eSt a nda r d( Zi ppoMa nuf a c t ur i ngCo.v .Zi ppoDotCom,I nc .9 5 2F . Supp.1 1 1 9 ( W. D. Pa1 9 9 7 . )

- Subs t a nt i a lbus i ne s sc onduc t e d - Somei nt e r a c t i vi t y( ma ybe ,de pe ndi nguponc i r c ums t a nc e s ) - Passi vea dve r t i s i ngnote nough

Pe r s ona lJ ur i s di c t i on  Per s ona lJ ur i s di c t i onove rPr ope r t y( “ i nr e m” )

- A Cour tma ye x e r c i s ej ur i s di c t i onove rpr ope r t yl oc a t e dwi t hi ni t sbounda r i e se ve n t hought hepe opl ea r enot . o Di s put er e ga r di ngowne r s hi pofr e a lpr ope r t y( i . e . ,l a nd,hous e ) o Di s put er e ga r di ngowne r s hi pofpe r s ona lpr ope r t y( i . e . , boa t ,a i r pl a ne )

Subj e c tMa t t e rJ ur i s di c t i on  Subj e c tma t t e rj ur i s di c t i oni st hepo we rofac our tt ode c i deapa r t i c ul a rt ypeofc a s e ;e . g. , c ont r ac tdi s put e ,vi ol a t i onoff r e es pe e c hr i ght sunde rf e de r a lors t a t ec ons t i t ut i ons , vi ol a t i onoff e de r a l ,s t a t eorl oc a ls t a t ut e .

 Cal i f or ni as t a t ec our t sa r ec our t sof“ ge ne r a l ”j ur i s di c t i ons i nc et he yc a nde c i dea l mos ta l l t ype sofc a s e sunl e s sf e de r a ls t a t ut es a ysonl yf e de r a lc our tc a nde c i det hec e r t ai nt ypeof c a s e .

 Feder a lc our t sa r ec our t sof“ l i mi t e d”j ur i s di c t i ons i nc et he ya r el i mi t e di nt het ype sof c a s e st he yc a nde c i de .Mus tbee i t he r :

- Feder a lque s t i on– pl a i nt i ff’ sc a s emus tr a i s ei s s ueoff e de r a ll a w; OR - Di ve r s i t yofCi t i z ens hi p– o Ca s eba s e dons t a t el a wc l a i msonl yi fnoc ommons t a t eof“ domi c i l e ”be t we e nany pl a i nt i ffa nda nyde f e nda nt–domi c i l ei si ndi vi dua l ’ ss t a t eofr e s i de nc eorbus i ne s s ’ pl a c eofi nc or por a t i ona ndpr i nc i pa lpl a c eofbus i ne s s ;a nd o Dol l a ra mountmus te x c e e d$ 7 5 , 0 0 0 .

Conc ur r e ntorEx c l us i veJ ur i s di c t i on  Mul t i pl ec our t sma yha vej ur i s di c t i onove rac a s e( “ c onc ur r e nt ”j ur i s di c t i on) ,butc e r t ai n c a s e sc a nbehe a r di nas pe c i ficc our ts ys t e m onl y( “ e x c l us i ve ”j ur i s di c t i on) ;s e eExhi bi t2 1 onpa ge3 1 .  Exampl e s - Br e a c hofc ont r a c tc a s ewhe r epl ai nt i ffl i ve si nFul l e r t ona ndde f e nda ntl i ve si nAr i z ona a ndpl a i nt i ffs ui ngf or$ 85 , 0 0 0 . - Br e a c hofc ont r a c tc a s ewhe r epl ai nt i ffl i ve si nFul l e r t ona ndde f e nda ntl i ve si nAr i z ona a ndpl a i nt i ffi ss ui ngf or$ 5 1 , 0 0 0 . - Empl oyme ntdi s c r i mi na t i ont ha tha ppe ne di nFul l e r t on.

- Vi ol a t i onoff r e es pe e c hr i ght st ha tha ppe ne di nFul l e r t on.

- Pat e nti nf r i ng e me ntc a s e - Cor por a t eba nkr upt c yc as e

Ba s i cJ udi c i alRe qui r e me nt s ,Cont .  Venue

- Concer ne dwi t ht hemos tappr opr i a t el oc a t i onf ort het r i a l . - Gener a l l y ,pr ope rve nuei swhe r et hei nj ur yoc c ur r e d.  St a ndi ng

- A par t ymus tha ve“ s t a ndi ng”t obr i ngal a ws ui t . o Ha r m o Ca us a t i on o Re me dy

Ci vi lLa ws ui tChr onol ogy  Mot i onf ors umma r yj udgme nt( “ MSJ ” )– gr a nt e donl yi fnot r i a bl ei s s ueofma t e r i a lf a c t a ndmovi ngpa r t ye nt i t l e dt oj udgme ntasama t t e rofl a w;t he r e f or e ,di ffic ul tt owi n.

I nt r oduc t i ont oAl t er na t i veDi s put eRe s ol ut i on( “ ADR” )  ADRi sj us tt ha t– a l t e r na t i v e st or e s ol vi ngadi s put ewi t houtt hene e df orac our t , j udg eor   

j ur yt oma ket hede c i s i onf ory ou. Whi l et heAme r i c a nc our ts ys t e m pr ovi de sas e t t i ngf ordi s pe ns i ngj us t i c ei naf a i rwa y , t her e a l i t yi st ha tt heva s tma j or i t yofl e ga ldi s put e sa r er e s ol ve doutofc our t . I nf a c t , ma nydi s put e sr e s ol ve dwi t houte ve nfil i ngal a ws ui t . Thr e ema j ort ype sofADRa r e – ne got i a t i on, me di a t i on,a nda r bi t r a t i on.

WhyUs eADRI ns t e adoft heCour tS ys t e m?  Ti mea nde xpe ns e– ar e s ul ti nADRi sus ua l l ya c hi e v e di nl e s st i mea ndwi t hl e s se xpe ns e t ha nr e s ul ti nc our t .

 Fl e xi bi l i t y/c ont r ol– pa r t i e sc a nus et he i rownr ul e s( s ubs t a nt i vea ndpr oc e dur a l )i nADR; c our tha sma nyr ul e st ha ta r ei mpos e dona l lpa r t i c i pa nt s .

 Cer t a i nt y– s e t t l e me ntpe r mi t spa r t i e st okno wt he i rr e s ul t ;pl a i nt i ffc anpl anonr e c e i vi ng

c e r t ai na mountofmone ya ndde f e nda ntc a nbudge tf orpa yi ngc e r t a i na mountofmone y .

 Emot i ona lc os t– pr ot r a c t e dc our tpr oc e e di ngsc a ne xa c the a vye mot i ona lc os t ;s or tofl i ke be i ngi naba dr e l a t i ons hi p.

 Cos tt obus i ne s s– i ns t e a dofwor ki ngt ogr ow yourbus i ne s s ,youwi l lbewor ki ngona l a ws ui t ,whi c hi snotamone yma ki ngve nt ur e .

 Bet t e rout c ome ?–s omema i nt a i nt ha tt her e s ul tobt a i ne dduet oe a r l ys e t t l e me ntc anha ve s a meorbe t t e re c onomi cval uet hanr e s ul ta f t e rt r i a l .

How t oVol unt a r i l yGe tt oADR  Mos tpa r t i e sc hoos eADRt oa t t e mptt or e s ol vet he i rdi s put e s ;or di na r i l y ,ADRc a nnotbe f or c e dont hepa r t i e st hought he r ea r ee x c e pt i ons .

 TheADRagr e e me ntma ybema debe f or eora f t e ra nydi s put ea r i s e s .  Not et ha ts omepa r t i e sma ynotr e a l i z et he ya r ea gr e e i ngt oADRi npr e di s put e a gr e e me ntt houghADRc l a us e sa r ec ommoni ne mpl o yme nt ,r e a le s t a t e ,a ndma nyot he r t ype sofc ont r a c t s ;e . g. ,c ont r a c tt obuyc a rf r om de a l e rus ua l l yi nc l ude sa r bi t r a t i on a gr e e me nt .

How t oI nvol unt a r i l yGe tt oADR  Cour tc a nor de rpa r t i e st oADR

- Cour tc a nor de rpa r t i e st ononbi ndi ngADR– ne got i a t i on,me di a t i on, a nde ve n nonbi ndi nga r bi t r a t i on;or de rc a nbef or ma lori nf or ma l . - Cour tma ybea s ke dbyapa r t yt oa na r bi t r a t i ona gr e e me ntt oe nf or c ei tb yor de r i ngt he pa r t i e st ogot oa r bi t r a t i oni ns t e adofc our tt or e s ol vet he i rdi s put e( mot i ont oc ompe l a r bi t r a t i onma dei nc our t ) .

Mos tCommonFor msofADR: -Ne got i a t i on -Me di a t i on

-Ar bi t r a t i on

Ne got i a t i on 

Pa r t i e st he ms e l ve sa nd/ort he i rr e pr e s e nt a t i ve sc ommuni c a t ewi t hi nt e ntt or e s ol ve di s put ei nf or ma l l y .



Al lofusha vee xpe r i e nc ewi t hne got i a t i on;e . g . ,c ur f e w,a c t i vi t ywi t ha not he rpe r s on.

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Li t t l eornos t r uc t ur e–c a nbea c c ompl i s he di noneormul t i pl ec ommuni c a t i ons ,phone c a l l s ,e ma i l s ,t e xt s ,f a c e t of a c eme e t i ngs ,e t c .

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Ca ni nvol veat hi r dpa r t y– “ f a c i l i t a t i on. ”( F a c i l i t a t ort ypi c a l l ydoe snotr e c omme nd s ol ut i ons . )

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“ Me e t i ngoft hemi nds ”r e s ol ut i on.

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Mos tc ommonwa yt or e s ol vedi s put e s– ma ya voi dfil i ngofl a ws ui t , ma ya voi dha vi ng t ogot ot r i a li fl a ws ui tfil e d,orma ya voi dj udgme ntc ol l e c t i one ffor t si fj udgme nti s fina l ;i not he rwor ds ,ne got i a t i onc anoc c ura tanyt i me .

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Pa r t i e sma i nt a i nc ont r oli nne got i a t i onb y( 1 )a gr e e i ngt one got i a t es i nc enoonec a nbe f or c e dt one got i a t ea nd( 2 )r e t a i ni ngpowe rt oa gr e et os e t t l e me nts i nc enoonec a nbe f or c e dt oa gr e et os e t t l e me nt .

Me di a t i on 

S amea sne got i a t i one x c e ptf ori nv ol ve me ntofne ut r a lt hi r dpa r t y( me di a t or ,a l s oc a l l e d s e t t l e me ntj udgeoroffic e r )whopr opos e ss ol ut i ons ,butdoe sno tma kede c i s i ons r e ga r di ngt hema t t e r .

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I ti saf or m of“ a s s i s t e dne got i a t i on. ”

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Me di a t ori sof t e nr e t i r e dj udgebutt hi si snotr e qui r e d;c a nbee xpe r i e nc e da t t or ne y , pe r s onwi t he x pe r t i s ei nt hei ndus t r y ,r e s pe c t e dc ommuni t yorr e l i gi ousl e a de r ,e t c . ;no qua l i fic a t i ons ,l i c e ns e ,e t c .

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Me di a t ori sus ua l l ypa i dbyt hepa r t i e swi t ht hec os ts pl i tbe t we e nt hepa r t i e s .
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