Study Guide Final - Lecture notes Chapters 1-14 PDF

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Final Study GuideChapter 7: The Northwest Ordinance of   The Northwest Ordinance of 1787: Law that created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included...

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Final Study Guide Chapter 7: 1. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787  The Northwest Ordinance of 1787: Law that created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery o Area above Ohio River and east of Mississippi River to be divided in 3-5 states o Empire of Liberty: The idea, expressed by Jefferson, that the United States would not rule its new territories as colonies, but rather would eventually admit them as full member states o Indians land would not be taken without consent o

 Assumed treaties, purchase, or voluntary removal would occur Slavery prohibited 

Owners still brought slaves saying they voluntarily signed long-term labor contracts

2. The Constitution—what are the implied powers of the National Government?  Necessary and Proper Clause (sometimes called “Elastic Clause”  A power exercised by Congress not explicitly granted to it in the Constitution  Examples: o Established a national bank to allow Congress to perform it’s duty to collect taxes o Gun Control o Setting federal minimum wage o Income tax o McCulloch v. Maryland: The creation of banks was properly related to Congress’ expressly enumerated power to collect taxes, borrow money, and regulate interstate commerce, the bank in question was constitutional under the “Necessary and Proper Clause 3. Federalism and checks and balances  1. Federalism (division of powers): A system of government in which power is divided between the central government and the states o Strengthened national government (compared to the Articles) o President: enforce law, command military o o

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Congress: levy taxes, borrow money, regulate commerce, declare war, deal with foreign nations and Indians, promote the “general welfare” States barred from infringing on property rights, printing paper money, impairing contracts, interfering with

interstate commerce, levying their own import or export duties  Left to states: education, law enforcement 2. Checks and balances (separation of powers): A systematic balance to prevent any one branch of the national government from dominating the other two o Congress: enacts laws BUT  President can veto them  2/3 majority required to pass legislation over his objection o Federal judges: nominated by president Approved by Senate  To ensure independence, judges serve for life President: can be impeached by the House and removed from office by Senate for “high crimes and misdemeanors” 

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4. The Fugitive Slave Clause

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Fugitive Clause accorded slaves “extraterritoriality”: bondage remained attached to person even if they escaped to a state where slavery was abolished o Did not say who was responsible for capturing fugitive slave o Did not say what judicial procedures would be used to return them to bondage Constitution gave national government no power to interfere with slavery in the states

5. The Federalist Papers—What was its purpose?  Debates of ratification occurred o Each state held election for delegates to a special ratifying convention Public battle produced hundreds of pamphlets, newspaper articles and campaigns to elect delegates  The Federalist: Collection of 85 essays that appeared in the NY press in 1787-1788 in support of the Constitution; written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay and published under the pseudonym “Publius” Hamilton and Madison: rather than posing danger to Americans’ liberties, the Constitution protected them o Checks and balances and division of power made political tyranny almost impossible Madison’s Federalist nos. 10 and 51 o Identified the essential dilemma of the new government: government must be based on the will of the people, yet the people had shown themselves susceptible to dangerous enthusiasms o Problem of balancing democracy and respect for property would grow  Economic development would inevitably increase poor population  What was to prevent poor from using their political power to secure “a more equal distribution” of wealth by seizing he property of the rich? Answer: o Balance of power and nation’s size and diversity o

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In a nation the size of the US, so many distinct interests (economic, regional, political) would arise that no single one would ever be able to take over government and oppress the rest Size of the republic = secured American’s rights = reinforced tradition that saw continuous westward expansion as essential to freedom 

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6. The Anti-Federalists  Anti-Federalists: Opponents of the Constitution who saw it as a limitation on individual and states’ rights; their demands led to the addition of a Bill of Rights to the document o Insisted that Constitution shifted balance between liberty and power in favor of power 

Anti-Federalists consisted of o State politicians—fearful of their influence diminish o o o

Small farmers—supported the state debtor-relief measures of the 1780s (federalists disapproved of this) Others—denounced protection of slavery Others—wanted that the powers of Congress were so broad that it might enact a law for abolition

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Predicted that new government would fall under sway of merchants, creditors, and other against the interests of ordinary Americans o Self-government flourished in small communities (rulers and ruled could interact regularly) o “Well born” would dominate “common people”

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Anti-Federalist watchword: “Liberty” o Freedom on institution and limited nature of government o Wanted life grounded in local and democratic institutions o No Bill of Rights: First 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1791 to guarantee individual rights against infringement by the federal government  Trial by jury, freedom of speech, freedom of press Constitution support

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Flourished in nation’s cities and commercial marketplaces Most energetic were men with substantial property

o Urban artisans, laborers, and sailors—government’s “energy and power” would revive depressed economy Madison won support for the Constitution by promising a the 1st Congress would enact a Bill of Rights Mid-1788, required 9 states ratified Constitution o Rhode Island and North Carolina had no choice

7. Bill of Rights  Bill of Rights: First 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1791 to guarantee individual rights against infringement by the federal government  Madison believed the Bill of Rights “redundant and pointless” o “Parchment barriers” to the abuse of authority would prove least effective when most needed  Every new state constitution contained some kind of statement of rights, so people believed the Constitution should also have one o 1st Amendment: No legislation regarding religion or infringing on freedom of speech, press of right of assembly o 2nd Amendment: Right to bear arms and a well-regulated militia o 10 Amendment: Powers not delegated to the national government or prohibited to the states was given to the states o Other Amendments: Prohibited arrests without warrant and testifying against self, reaffirmed right to trial by jury  Constitution recognized religious freedom o Purely secular document—no reference to God

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o Bars religious tests for federal officeholders o 1st Amendment bars legislating on the subject of religion Applied only to the federal government o Reinforced idea that concentrated national power posed greatest threat to freedom Freedom of speech was among most important rights—vital building blocks of a democratic public sphere

8. The Treaty of Greenville of 1795 and the Annuity System  The government hoped to encourage the westward expansion of white settlement which implied one of three things: o 1. Removal of Indian population to lands even further west o 2. Their total disappearance o 3. Their incorporation into white “civilization” with the except that they might one day become a part of    

American society Indians had no representation Constitution excluded Indians “not taxed” from being counted in determining state’s number of congressmen Treaties with Indians was a way to transferring their land to the federal government Treaty of Greenville: 1795 treaty under which 12 Indian tribes ceded most of Ohio and Indiana to the federal government, and which also established the “annuity” system o Little Turtle of Miami Confederacy defeated American forces in Ohio Valley o Costliest war for Americans by Indians o 1794, 3,000 Americans defeated Little Turtle’s forces—led directly to treaty Annuity System: yearly grants of federal money to Indian tribes that institutionalized continuing government influence in tribal affairs and gave outsiders considerable control over Indian life Some believed Indians were not inferior but jus living at a less advanced pace o To assimilate them, Congress authorized President Washington to o

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Give agricultural tools and animals to Indian men Give spinning wheels and looms to Indian women

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*Adoptions of gender norms would be sign of Indians becoming “civilized”  Many Indians rejected this—freedom meant retaining tribal autonomy and identity

Chapter 8: 9. Jay’s Treaty  1789 French Revolution o 1793, radical turn—King Louis XVI, aristocrats, and French Revolution opposers executed  War broke out between France and Great Britain  Jefferson and his followers believed idea of self-government must be defended at all costs o Enthusiasm for France  Washington, Hamilton, and their supporters felt French Revolution raised specter of anarchy  “Permeant” alliance with France complicated o April 1793-Washington issued proclamation of American neutrality  British soldiers seized American trading ships o Impressment: The British navy’s practice of using press-gangs to kidnap man in British and colonial ports who were then forced to serve in the British navy  Jay’s Treaty: Treaty with British negotiated in 1794 by Chief Justice John Jay o No concessions on impressment or rights of American shipping o Britain agreed to abandon outposts on western frontier o US guaranteed favored treatment of British imported goods o Greatest public controversy during Washington’s presidency 10. The Federalists—Who were they and what did they stand for?  Federalist and Republicans: Two increasingly coherent political parties that appeared in Congress by the mid-1790s o Federalists: Favored strong central government—led by Washington, Adams, and Hamilton  Favored Hamilton’s economic plan and close ties with Britain  Wealthy merchants, farmers, lawyers and political leaders out of South  Reflected traditional 18th century view of society (hierarchy and public off reserved for wealthy)  Believed freedom did not mean right to stand up in opposition to government  Feared “spirit of liberty” = anarchy and “licentiousness” (immoral)  May have been the only major party in American history to proclaim democracy and freedom dangerous in hands of ordinary citizens 11. The Republicans—Who were they and what did they stand for?  Federalist and Republicans: Two increasingly coherent political parties that appeared in Congress by the mid-1790s o Republicans: Supported a strict interpretation of the Constitution—believed it would safeguard individual freedoms and state’s rights from threats posed by strong central government 12. XYZ Affair  After Washington’s end there was fierce party competition for next president  John Adams for Federalists  Thomas Jefferson for Republicans  1797, Adams assumed leadership of divided nation o Although neutral, they were dragged into European war  Claimed rights to trading nonmilitary goods with France and Britain  Both countries seized American ships with impunity (immunity, no liability) o XYZ Affair: Affair in which French foreign minister Talleyrand’s three anonymous agents demanded payments to stop French plundering of American ships in 1797  1797, American diplomats sent to Paris to negotiate a treaty replacing 1778 alliance  France demanded bribes before negotiations o Adams made this public knowledge  France engaged in “quasi-war” at sea

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1800, Adams negotiates peace with France

13. Gabriel’s Rebellion  Organized by Richmond, Virginia slaves (brothers): Gabriel, Solomon (blacksmiths) and Martin (slave preacher)  Planned to march on the state capital from surrounding plantations, kill whites, and take Governor James Monroe hostage until demand for abolition was met  Plan discovered—leaders arrested, 26 slaves hung, dozens of slaves transported out of state  1800, ½ of Richmond’s population was black, 1/5 were free o Black community emerged—Gabriel’s Rebellion rooted in institutions o Slave craftsmen hired themselves out—negotiated their own labor terms with masters  After rebellion, Virginia tightened control over blacks o Illegal to congregate on Sundays without white supervision o Manumission (voluntary release of slave by master) was restricted: Any slave freed after 1806 must leave state or be resold into slavery 14. Marbury v. Madison (1803)  Marbury v. Madison: First US Supreme Court decision to declare a federal law—the Judiciary Act of 1801— unconstitutional o On eve of leaving office, Adams appointed number of justices of peace for District of Columbia o Madison (Jefferson’s secretary of state) refused to issue commissions (official documents entitling them to assume their posts)  4 sued for the offices o Marshall’s decision declared unconstitutional the section of the Judiciary Act of 1789 that allowed the courts to order executive officials to deliver judge’s commissions  Exceeded the power of Congress as outlined in Constitution o “Judiciary Review”: Power of the Supreme Court to determine whether an act of Congress violate the Constitution 15. Embargo and Non-Intercourse Act  1806, Britain and France (still at war) each declared the other under blockage o Sought to stop their rivals trade with America  1807, Royal navy resumed impressment—seized more than 6,000 American sailors  Embargo Act: Attempt in 1807 to exert economic pressure by prohibiting all exports from the United States, instead of waging war in reaction to continued British impressment of American sailors; smugglers circumvented the embargo, and it was repealed two years later o Jefferson believed economic health required free trade  No foreign government could interfere o Banned all American ships sailing for foreign ports o 1808 exports plummeted by 80%--devastated American economies o 1809 Jefferson signed the Non-Intercourse Act: banned trade from France and Britain only  If they stopped impressment, trade could continue

Chapter 9: 16. The Market Revolution and new innovations  3 historical processes uneased by revolution that accelerates after War of 1812: o 1. Spread of market relations o 2. Westward movement of population o 3. Rise of a vigorous political democracy  3 processes above helped to reshape the idea of freedom with closer ties to o 1. Economic opportunity o 2. Physical mobility o 3. Participation in democratic political system

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o 4. Presence of slavery Steamboats, roads, Erie Canal, railroads, telegraph

17. Know how the United States acquired Florida  Settlers crosses territorial boundaries to claim land under jurisdiction of foreign countries o 1810, American residents in West Florida rebelled and seized Baton Rouge—US annexed area o Acquisition of East Florida wanted by Georgia and Alabama  Would rid refuge for fugitive slaves and hostile Seminole Indians  1818 Andrew Jackson led troops into area  National crisis—execute 2 British traders and Indian chiefs  Jackson withdrew  Spain aware they couldn’t defend territory  Sold area to US in Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (negotiated by John Quincy Adams) 18. Urban Centers in the Market Revolution (large workshops, the factory system, the outwork system)  Factories (most textiles) gathered large groups of workers under central supervision o Replaced hand tools with power-driven machinery  1790, Samuel Slater (English immigrant) established America’s 1st factory (Pawtucket, Rhone Island) o Built power-driven spinning jenny from memory (England made industrial machinery blueprint export illegal)  “Outwork system”—rural men and women earned money by taking in jobs from factories  1814, First large-scale American factory utilizing power looms for weaving cloth (Waltham, Mass.) o Established because of Embargo Act of 1807 and Was of 1812—British imports cut off o Established by group called Boston Associates o 1820s, created a factory town (Lowell, 1836) on Merrimack River (27 miles from Boston)  Textile factories that did all phases of production (spinning thread, weaving, finishing cloth)  Earliest factories locate along “fall line”—waterfalls and river rapids powered machinery  1840s, steam power made factories possible along coats and large cities  1850s manufacturers produced more than just textiles o Tools, firearms, shoes, clocks, ironware, agricultural machinery 19. Mill girls or Factory girls  Mill girls: Women who worked at textile mills during the Industrial Revolution who enjoyed new freedoms and independence not seen before o Opportunity to earn money independently  Early New England textile mills relied on female and child labor  Lowell: most famous center of early textile manufacturing o Young, unmarried women from Yankee farm families o Set up boarding houses with strict rules regarding personal behavior  Persuaded parents to allow daughters to leave home to work on mills o Established lecture halls and churches to occupy women’s free time 20. Nativists  Idea of US as a refuge for those seeking economic opportunity or escape from oppression has coexisted with suspicion of and hostility to foreign newcomers  American history has had periods of intense anxiety over immigration o Alien Act of 1798—feared immigrants with radical political views  Nativism: Anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic feeling especially prominent in the late 1830s through the 1850s; the largest group of its proponents was New York’s Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, which expanded into the American (Know-Nothing) Party in 1854 o Feared impact of immigration on American politics and social life o Blamed immigrants for urban crime, political corruption, love of liquor, and accused them of undercutting native-born skilled laborers by working for starvation wages

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Stereotypes directed at Irish similar to blacks: lazy, childlike, slaves of their passions, unsuited for republican freedom

21. Manifest Destiny  “Manifest Destiny”: Phrase first used in 1845 to urge annexation (seizing) of Texas; used thereafter to encourage American settlement of European colonial and Indian lands in the Great Plains and the West and, more generally, as a justification for American empire o Said by John L. O’Sullivan o Meant US had a divinely appointed mission to occupy all of North America  Americans believed that settlement and economic exploration of West would prevent US from becoming a society with a large fixed class and a large group of wage-earning poor (like Europe) o Land readily available o Oppressive factory labor less common than East o Chance to achieve economic independence (social condition of freedom) 22. The critics of Manifest Destiny  Competitive world of market believed: no restraints to individuals seeking economic advancement and personal development = freedom  Transcendentalists: Philosophy of a small group of mid-19th-century New England writers and thinkers, including Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller o They stressed personal and intellectual self-reliance (over social traditions and institutions)  1830s, Ralph Waldo Emerson: rather than a preexisting set of rights and p...