Study Guide I Ch1 3 PDF

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ENVI 110 Study Recommendations for Exam I (Chapters 1 – 3) Study guide is posted in “Learning Modules” - Blackboard

Exam date: September 25, 2019

REVIEW ALL Reading Assignment Quizzes REVIEW ALL Lectures (powerpoints) Exam format: multiple choice, matching, label the diagram/interpret the graphic, short answer essay…. Bring a #2 pencil. You will turn in Scantron sheets along with the exam. Natural Events/Disasters: Hurricane Harvey, Hurricane Irma, Hurricane Jose, Hurricane Maria; Wildfires in Western States; Earthquakes in Mexico CHAPTER 1: Environment What is the environmental significance of these case studies: Easter Island vs. Siri people of Isla Ángel de la Guarda in the Sea of Cortez Montreal Protocol Easter Island (Rapa Nui) • •

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3500 km west of Chile in Pacific Ocean Colonized between 700-1100 A.D. o Diverse forest o Productive coasts People o Advanced culture after few centuries ▪ Religion ▪ Writing o Population grew to 15-20k Found o 1722 Dutch

Seri Indians Sea of Cortez • •

Lived on Isla Angel de la Guarda for 2000 years Sustainably fished and farmed along coast

Tragedy of the Commons (Garret Hardin) •

Destruction of natural resources shared by a community o Individual greed wins over cooperation o Shared resources are exploited

Earth as an Island.. • • •

People cannot escape Resources shared by 7.4 billion people Resources diminishing o .2% forest permanently lost every year o 2/3 of marine fish stocks in decline o Extinction rate 1000x faster than pre-human time o Shared water and air resources polluted

International air pollution policy treaty •

Adopted in Montreal 1987 o Addressed acidification, eutrophication, and ground level ozone o Aimed to reduce ozone destruction o Ozone hole in Antarctica is slowly recovering

Environmental science – Studies all aspects of the environment o

Physical, chemical and biological factors

Empirical science – investigates world through systematic observation and experimentation Applied science –findings are used to help solve practical problems Anthropogenic - (chiefly of environmental pollution and pollutants) originating in human activity. Renewable resources vs. Nonrenewable resources • Nonrenewable energy resources - like coal, nuclear, oil, and natural gas, are available in limited supplies. • Renewable – replenished naturally and over a relatively short period of time

Biodiversity - the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem. Sustainability- Meeting the needs of the present in an equitable and fair fashion without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable ecosystems: rely on renewable energy; use matter sustainably; have population control; depend on local biodiversity to meet previous requirements

CHAPTER 2 Environmental ethics Anthropocentric worldview vs.

Biocentric worldview vs.

Eco centric worldview

Anthropocentric - Human centered: only humans have intrinsic value and resources are here to meet human needs and wants Biocentric – Life centered: humans and other species have a right to exist and are worth of protection

Ecocentric – system centered: value is given to the importance of the ecosystem as a whole, including interactions such as those between wind and soil and between species (predators and their prey), as well as natural processes (such as water cycle)

US. Environmental History: Who and What 1850s: EXPANSION: 1862 Homestead Act (Thomas Jefferson) • •

Gave free title to unsettled Western Land When Europeans first settled in the United States, the vast land was seen as an unending supply of natural resources and our actions focused on extracting those resources and spreading out, for the most part farther west

1900s: RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: 1872 First National Park (Yellowstone N.P. Theodore Roosevelt, Gifford Pinchot (US Forest Service), John Muir (Am. Naturalist) • • • •

Yellowstone established Became apparent that we actually could deplete natural resources found in the US Not inexhaustible Created national parks to limit use of natural resources

1950s: POLLUTION CONCERNS: 1962 Clean Air Act 1980 Superfund Act • •

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1972 Clean Water Act

Extreme events such as fire of cuyahoga river led to environmental laws Clean Air Act o Limit air pollution Clean water Act o Established the basic structure for regulating pollutant discharges into the waters of the United States o Gave EPA the authority to implement pollution control programs such as setting wastewater standards for industry.

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Rachel Carson (Silent Spring) 2000s: INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS: 2012 Kyoto Protocol…. • • • • •

Science

Wangari Maathai 1987 Montreal Protocol (1st time) through

Montreal Protocol - Developed to curb CFC production Kyoto Protocol – reduce global greenhouse gas emissions First Millennium Ecosystem Assessment – Kyoto Protocol 2011 – 191 countries have it, not USA International Panel of Climate Change – work to understand climate change

Scientific process: Observations then Measure/Data collection then Testing

Observational (descriptive) science vs Hypothesis-driven science Observational • field of science where controlled observations cannot be done in order to study causes •

and effects. Scientific studies are simply done through the observation of nature taking its course and recording the findings over time.

Hypothesis-driven •

Hypothesis (guess) needs to be proven true

Scientific method

Hypotheses

Null Hypothesis

Scientific Method • • • • • •

Question Research Hypothesis Experiment Analysis Conclusion

Hypothesis •

Educated Guess

Null Hypothesis • general statement or default position that there is no relationship between two measured •

phenomena, or no association among groups. Used with stats to prove true

Case Study: Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite Nat’l Park • • • •

One of 9 reservoirs in a water system that serves San Francisco and other Bay Area communities San Fran will be able to maintain an uninterrupted supply of high quality Tuolumne River water Drains Yosemite National Park and surrounding area Proposition F (2012) o New water delivery and filtration system would have to be in place by 2025 o Hetch Hetchy Reservoir would have to be drained by 2025 o Was voted down (77%)

Water rights (vs. mineral rights vs. air rights) Changing views of nature (Enlightenment) Agricultural revolution….Industrial Revolution Environmental Ethics Environmental Justice • • •

Environmental Justice

Social Justice

Seeks to protect natural resources for all regardless of race, gender, or economic status Involved in many international treaties/negotiations on global issues Concern for developing regions

Economy: Goods and Services

Environmental Economics Subsistence vs Market vs • • • • • • •

Planned economy

Supply and Demand

Subsistence – Society meets need without gaining wealth Market – Production and consumption take place in markets guided by prices Free Market – Gov does not influence the marketplace with subsidies, taxation, or regulation Planned – Gov regulates the price of goods and services and the level of production o Control usually by Regulation, incentives, subsidies, grants, and taxation Supply and Demand – Price increases when supply is not o Producers gain more profit Neoclassical Economic theory – Focus – price and production set through supply and demand interactions Economies of Scale – Cost of production lower in mass

CHAPTER 3 Physical sciences: Earth’s interior structure • • •

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Inner solid core o Currents in the liquid core produce a magnetic field Outer Core Lower Mantle o Above core o 70% of Earth’s volume o Rich in elements magnesium and silicon Upper Mantle Oceanic Crust Continental Crust - Thin surface layer of relatively light rock o < 1% of Earth’s volume o Only Part that directly interacts with living systems

Atmosphere’s structure and Oceanic behavior Explore other planets / the moon for similarities and differences (Curiosity – Mars) • •

Universe is huge o Milky way only 1/1 Billion galaxies Probes sent into space o Mars- new focus ▪ Viking 1 & 2 (1975) ▪ Evidence of water ▪ Martian soil samples o Saturn ▪ Cassini • 7 yrs to travel 900 M miles o Ended 9/15/2017 after 20 yrs o Curiosity ▪ Exploration of mars (2013) ▪ Size of small car ▪ Contains array of instruments

Energy: work • •

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Searching for signs of life

Potential and Kinetic

Potential Energy o Stored energy Kinetic Energy o Energy in motion

First and Second laws of Thermodynamics • •

First law o Energy can be neither created nor destroyed but can be transformed Second law o Energy transformations increase disorder ▪ Entropy: the measure of a systems thermal energy per unit temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work ▪ Energy is often lost as heat

Forms of energy: Electromagnetic radiation; Heat; Chemical energy; Nuclear energy •

Electromagnetic o Energy moves as photons in waves o Electromagnetic spectrum - entire range of wavelengths ▪ Gamma rays, X rays, ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, microwaves, radiowaves

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Heat o o o

Kinetic energy of molecules Temperature ▪ Average kinetic energy 4 ways ▪ Conduction ▪ Convection ▪ Radiation ▪ Latent heat transfer

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Chemical o Potential energy o Breaking and forming chemical bonds ▪ Photosynthesis assembles carbs ▪ Potential energy in glucose bonds ▪ When needed, energy released by respiration Nuclear o Energy in the structure of matter o Nuclear fission ▪ Nucleus of atom split, creating two smaller atoms and releasing cast amounts of kinetic and electromagnetic energy o Nuclear fusion ▪ When atoms collide and fuse ▪ Process that powers the sun

Earth’s Structure: Crust (continental vs. oceanic), Upper Mantle, Lithosphere, Lower Mantle, Outer Core, Inner (solid) Core Moving crust: plate tectonics Tectonic plates: subduction, divergence and transform (recognize examples) •

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Meet at boundaries o Transform fault boundaries ▪ Plates slide past ▪ Sites of Earthquakes Subduction - where ocean and continental plates meet, the dense ocean crust is thrust beneath the lighter continental crust Divergent boundaries o Plates spread apart Convergent boundaries o Plates come together

3 major rock types: Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic •

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Igneous o Formed by cool magma ▪ Granite Sedimentary o Formed by compression of sediments/dead organisms ▪ Limestone Metamorphic o Formed when other rocks experience high temperature and pressure ▪ Limestone becomes marble

Biosphere: hydrologic/water cycle; nutrient cycling • •

Biosphere o All organisms and nonliving environment Biogeochemical cycle o Flow of matter through the ecosystem o Elements ▪ Carbon, Nitrogen, etc. o Compounds ▪ Water

Atmosphere: 4 layers in the atmosphere (based on temp differences) and their importance •

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Compositions of gases o 78% nitrogen o 21% oxygen o 0.039% carbon dioxide o Water vapor Layers o Troposphere ▪ Lowest layer ▪ Life located here ▪ Temp drops w elevation o Stratosphere ▪ 11-48 km ▪ Temp increases approaching ozone ▪ Ozone layer located here • Protects life from ultraviolet o Mesosphere ▪ Above stratosphere ▪ Air temp drops again at 90 km ▪ Thermosphere • Extends out to space • Above 150 km gas density so low no friction • International space station orbits here • Aurora occurs here

Energy budget: incoming solar radiation (reflected and absorbed budget) •

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Energy budget o Measures all energy entering and leaving Earth o Balances over time Solar radiation o 30% reflected to space o 70% absorbed by land, sea, and air

Weather vs. Climate •

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Climate o Long term atmospheric conditions ▪ Temp, humidity, average rainfall ▪ Florida is tropical and sunny, Alaska is cold and arctic Weather o Short term variations local atmospheric conditions

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Thunderstorms Partly cloudy

Air circulation (convection currents) Sunlight directly overhead (seasons and locations) vs. low-angle and why (solstice and equinoxes) ITCZ Circles of Latitude and earth’s tilt/seasons •

Seasons o Earth tilted on axis 23.5 degrees ▪ Causes differential heating throughout the year ▪ Causes wind cells to shift north or south • Differences in rainfall and temp • Temp difference more extreme at center of continents and higher at latitudes

Interpreting a Climagraph Wind Cells : Hadley vs. Ferrell vs. Polar cells and Coriolis Effect •

Wind Cells o Hadley Cells ▪ Between 30-35 degrees latitude, cool air descends ▪ Air is dry ▪ Form many deserts o Ferrel Cells ▪ Between 30 and 60 degrees latitude o Polar Cells ▪ Between 60 and 90 degrees latitude o Coriolis Effect ▪ Change in wind direction, Earth’s rotation

Ocean currents: Warm currents vs Cold currents and why? •

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Surface current o Driven by Earth’s rotation, winds, and differential water temps o Equatorial currents o Gyers Vertical currents Termohaline circulation o Caused by differences in temp and salinity

Which sides of ocean basins/continents do they occur/why? Garbage patches in oceans? where? Why? Great ocean current (interconnectedness of everything) •

Differences in water temperature and salinity affect water density, causing vast amounts of water to move in the thermohaline circulation, which is independent of the surface circulation in ocean gyres. Cold water circulates in the deep ocean, rises in the Indian Ocean and the North Pacific, and then slowly travels back to the North Atlantic...