Study Guide, Test 1 PDF

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Test 1 Study GuideChapter One:  What technologies did Europeans bring with them to North America in the 16th century?  Woven cloth, metal kettles, iron aces, fishhooks, hoes, guns, glass beads and copper ornaments  European&...

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Test 1 Study Guide Chapter One: 1.  2. 

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What technologies did Europeans bring with them to North America in the 16th century? Woven cloth, metal kettles, iron aces, fishhooks, hoes, guns, glass beads and copper ornaments European views of Native Americans regarding religion, land use, and gender relations. Religion: “Heathens” (non-Christians), because they did not believe in Christianity they were believed to be satanic o Insisted that subduing Indians, they were actually giving them freedom—freedom of true religion, private property, and liberation of both men and women from uncivilized and unchristian gender roles Land Use: Indians were nomads and therefore had no rights to land Gender Relations: Indian men were weak, women were mistreated o Men away hunting as fishing was seen a leisurely activity o

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Women did most of the agricultural and household work (overworked)

What was the relationship between Spanish colonists and Native Americans in the 16 century? Used Indians for labor in gold and silver mines (supplied their wealth) and on haciendas (large-scale farms) Spanish gave Indians certain colonial rights 1542 Spain proclaimed New Laws and Indians could no longer be enslaved  Abolished the encomienda system (gave 1st settlers authority over conquered Indian land and the right to enslave them  Replace it with the repartimiento system: Indians remained legally free and could earn wages but owed a fixed amount of labor each year  Lower female population so approved marriages to Indian women o Would bring Christianity to native people o Mestizos: persons of mixed origins

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What important ideas were explored by Bartolome de Las Casas? Bartolome de Las Casas: Dominican priest who published A Very Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies (an account of the destruction of the Indian population) o Denounced Spain for causing the deaths of millions and denying Indians freedom o Narrated the “strange cruelties” of Christians (burning people alive and forced labor) o Encouraged Indians to enjoy all guarantees of liberty and justice o Suggested more African slaves would help Indians from becoming slaves Know the difference between the Encomienda and Repartimiento Systems. Encomienda system: gave 1st settlers authority over conquered Indian land and the right to enslave them Repartimiento system: Indians remained legally free and could earn wages but owed a fixed amount of labor each year What was the Pueblo Revolt and its significance? 1680, New Mexico’s colonist population was fewer than 3,000 Relationship with the Pueblo Indians had been deteriorating due to Spanish’s exploitation of Indian labor Pope organized an uprising to drive out Spanish colonists o Pueblo Indians and New Mexico Indians became allies 1

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o Some 2,000 warriors destroyed isolated farms and missions o 400 colonists, including 21 missionaries died o Survivors and Christian Indians fled south The Pueblo Revolt was the most complete victory for Native Americans over Europeans and the only colony to be completely expelled In 1692 Spanish invaded New Mexico and reconquered o Colonial authorities become more tolerant of Indians traditional religious practices and made fewer demands on Indian labor

How did French colonists differ from the Spanish and English colonists regarding Native Americans? France sent fewer emigrants to America than England, despite having a much larger population o Feared that significant emigration would undermine France’s role as a European great power and might affect their relationship with the Indians  French population was small in New France o Focus was on fur trade rather than agricultural settlement 

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More common for French to become attracted to the Indians “free” way of living, than for Indians to adopt French ways How did Dutch colonists enjoy more freedom than other colonists in North America? Devoted to liberty o Freedom of the press (nowhere else in Europe had this liberty) Freedom of private religious practice (nowhere else in Europe had this liberty)  Amsterdam became a haven for persecuted Protestants and Jews New Amsterdam was essentially a fortified military outpost o Controlled by the appointees of the West India Company o No basic unit of government (town council or elected assembly) Colonists enjoyed more liberties than others in North America o Slaves were given “half-freedom”  Required to pay an annual fee to the company  Worked when called upon  Given land to support their families o Women maintained a separate legal identity from their husbands o

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Could go to court, borrow money, and own property

What did the Spanish, French and Dutch empires share in common? Spanish, French and Dutch shared feature: o Brought Christianity o Brought new forms of technology and learning o New legal systems and family relations o New forms of economic enterprise and wealth creation o Savage warfare o Widespread disease

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Understand indentured servitude. What was the promise versus the reality? Settlers who could pay for their own passage arrived in America free 2

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o Quickly acquired land upon arrival Indentured Servants: settlers who signed on for a temporary period of servitude to a master in exchange for passage to the New World (usually 5-7 year) o Could be bought or sold o Couldn’t marry without master’s permission o Subjected to physical punishment o Labor enforced by the courts At the end of their labor, servants received freedom dues and became free o Freedom dues not always paid o If servant were sold, sometimes their servitude would start over

What were the pros and cons of how Europeans transformed Indian life? Indians welcomed new goods from English o Woven cloth, metal kettles, iron aces, fishhooks, hoes, guns, glass beads and copper ornaments  Indians exchanged valuable commodities (furs) for worthless trinkets (beads)  Colonists achieved military superiority over Indians o Trade profits most benefitted English merchants o Indian tribes fought over English connections o Beaver and deer were over-hunted so Indians encroached on territory claimed by others  Indian’s lives were powerfully altered by changes set in motion in 1607 when English landed at Jamestown o Settlers fenced in land and introduced new crops and livestock o Pigs and cattle trampled Indian cornfields o Need for wood to build and heat homes depleted forests  Indians relied on forests for hunting o Fur trade diminished beaver population 

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Natural liberty versus moral liberty. 1645 Puritan John Winthrop the governor of Massachusetts gave speech to Mass. legislature o “Natural Liberty”: acting without restraint, suggested a liberty to do evil  False idea of freedom adopted by bad Christians, Indians and Irish o “Moral Liberty”: “liberty to only that which is good” (Supported by Winthrop) o “True Freedom” meant subjection to authority (religious and secular)  God = authority (skips pope, ministers, priests, etc.)  Liberty meant that the elect had the right to establish churches and govern society, NOT that others could challenge their beliefs or authority

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***13. How was settlement different in Massachusetts compared to Virginia or Maryland?  Government o Chesapeake: Governors appointed by royal decree o Massachusetts: Government by consent  Reason for colonization: o Chesapeake: Funded by Virginia Company, Tobacco cultivation o Massachusetts: Puritans, wanted to purify the Church of England (Protestantism) because it retained too many elements of Catholicism  Family life: o Chesapeake: Mostly young, single men. Could marry Indian women. o Massachusetts: Families, full church membership was important 3

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How did government in Massachusetts change in 1634?  1634, deputies elected by freeman (landowning church members) formed a single ruling body: The General Court o Ten years later, company officers and deputies were divided into two legislative houses o Freeman elected their own governor What radical views did Roger Williams raise regarding religion? Individual interpretation of the Bible planted seeds of Puritan fragmentation o If the Puritan way is correct and ultimate, but the bible is to be interpreted by an individual, then when two interpret it differently, which one is right?  Minister Roger Williams o Insisted its congregation withdrawal from the Church of England o Separation of church and state o Believed that people should be allowed to practice whatever religion they choose o Believed government corrupted the purity of Christianity and started religious wars o Believed Puritans were not a special group favorited by God

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How did Roger Williams shape religion and government in Rhode Island in 1636? Roger Williams was banished from Massachusetts in 1636 o Moved south with his followers and established Rhode Island  Became a beacon of religious freedom  Haven for persecuted dissenters and Jews  Dissenter: Protestants who belonged to denominations outside of the established Anglican Church  Government was more democratic  Assembly elected twice a year  Governor elected once a year  Regular town meetings  New Haven and Hartford colonies received a royal charter uniting then as Connecticut o Hartford: modeled after Massachusetts except med didn’t have to be a church member to vote o New Haven: established to bring church and state even closer

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How was Anne Hutchinson critical of Puritanism? And what is Antinomianism? Daughter of clergyman Held meetings in her home and led discussions of religious issues Believed salvation was God’s salvation was a gift to the elect and could not be earned by good work, devotional practices or personal effort (destroyed John Calvin’s “predestination”, a notion shared by the Puritans ) Charged that all ministers in Massachusetts were guilty of faulty preaching for distinguishing “saints” from the damned based on church attendance and moral behavior rather than an inner state of grace She was denounced for Antinomianism o Putting one’s judgement or faith above human law and church teachings o “Think for yourself” o Individualism (threat to authority) 1637, tried in court for “sedition” (speech enticing rebellion, expressing opinions dangerous to authority) o Said God spoke to her directly  Violated Puritan doctrine  Posed a threat to organized churches  She and her followers were banished—went to Rhode Island 4

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How do a powerful class of merchants influence change in New England in the 1640s particularly in Boston?   

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Showed how individual interpretation of the bible could jeopardize religious and political establishment

Wealth in New England was more equally distributed than the Chesapeake but Chesapeake has more money total New England traded fish, timber, and agricultural produce with Europe, Africa and West Indies o West Indies was profitable because their growing slave population required supplies Boston, a powerful group of merchants arose o Challenged Puritan policies  Merchants cared more about making money than church membership  Protested limits on prices and wages and importer monopolies o Some left and established what eventually become New Hampshire o Some stayed and fought to conduct business as they pleased

The Half-Way Covenant of 1662.  Puritans worried about society’s growing commercialization o Less than half of Boston were full-church members o Half-Way Covenant: 1662 religious compromise that allowed baptism and partial church membership to New Englanders whose parents were not among the Puritan elect  Covenant = promise

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What is Mercantilism? Mercantilism: Policy of Great Britain and other imperial powers of regulating the economics of colonies to benefit the mother country o Colonies sent raw material, England produced products, resold goods to colonies o England did better sending the products back  Exports = revenue in  Imports = money out o Foreign trade = England’s treasure

Navigation Act 1651.  Navigation Act: English way of controlling trade o If you were going to ship goods, it must be on English ships and sold at English ports  Take control from Dutch o Limited colonial trade with other countries o Ship building industry rose significantly in New England

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Charles II and the conquest of New Netherland. Charles II restored the English monarchy Royal African Company given monopoly over slave trade 1664, New Netherland seized during an Anglo-Dutch war o England gained control of Dutch trading posts in Africa o Charles II gave “full and absolute power” to his brother James the duke of York  Colony became a trade post with Caribbean and Europe 5

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Became a military launching pad against the French Married women suffered-controlled by husbands again Black freeman lost jobs

Covenant Chain. Covenant Chain: Alliance formed in the 1670s between the English and Iroquois nations under Sir Edmund Andros (NY governor) o 5 (layer 6) Iroquois Nations assisted Andros in clearing parts of NY from rival tribes and helped British attack French o Andros recognized Iroquois authority over Indian communities stretching to Ohio River  1680s, Great Lake and Ohio Valley Indians + French attacked Iroquois, pushing them east  Iroquois became neutral but continued to profit from fur trading 

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Know about the founding of Carolina and what attracted settlers to the new colony. 1663, Charles II have 8 proprietors right to establish colony north of Florida o Acted as barrier to Spanish expansion  Carolina was a “colony of a colony” o Barbados colony has land shortage  Wealthy planters sought land for their sons  Carolinians shipped Indians to mainland colonies and West Indies o More Indian slaves exported than African slaves imported o Yamasee uprising: Revolt of Yamasee and Creek Indians, aggravated by rising debts and slave traders’ raids, against Carolina settlers. Resulted in the expulsion of many Indians to Florida.  To attract settler, Carolina provided: o Elective assembly o Religious tolerance o Generous Headright System

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 150 acres for EACH MEMBER of a family  100 to indentured servants upon completion of service Absolute power over their slaves (human property)

o More land for those with slaves Early days centered on cattle raising and Indian trade Discovered rice o Became wealthiest elite in English North America o Epicenter of mainland slavery

25. What were William Penn’s views on religion and government and what were the advantages and disadvantages about the founding of Pennsylvania?  1681, last English colony Established by William Penn o Wanted good Anglo / Indian relations o Society of Friends (Quakers)  Sense of equality: Liberty belonged to all and was not based on social status o Purchased land from Indians before reselling to colonists  Refugee Indians welcome o Religious Freedom  No established church, attendance not required 6

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Democratic government o Council to originate legislation + elected assembly by male taxpayers and freemen  Freemen = owners of 100 acres of land for free immigrants and 50 acres for former indentured servants  Majority of male population eligible to vote Settlers attracted to Pennsylvania o Healthy climate o Penn owned all the land and sold it to settlers for low prices o Religious toleration o Publicity (brochures) Pennsylvania freedoms led to the deterioration of other colonies o Indentured servants chose Pennsylvania over Chesapeake  Chesapeake became reliant on slave labor

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26. Why did Africans become the target of free labor? Chesapeake labor demand was high but fewer indentured servants Africans couldn’t claim the protection of English common law = Africans were targets for slavery o Lifetime of servitude o Children became slaves o Couldn’t run away because they couldn’t blend in o Resistant to diseases o Familiar to agriculture and farming o Were viewed as savages (Pagans: person holding religious beliefs other than those of the main world religions)

Short Answer Questions: 1.

European views of Native Americans regarding religion, land use, and gender relations.

The Europeans had many opinions about the Native Americans when they encountered in the New World. At first, they were seen as “noble savages” which meant that, while uncivilized, they were gentle, friendly and in some ways superior to Europeans. Over time Indian’s religion, land use, and gender relations caused them to be viewed simply as savages. The Europeans believed they lacked genuine religion like Christianity and were therefore satanic devil worshippers. They also believed that because Indians were nomads and moved around from place to place, they never actually “used” the land and therefore had not claim or rights to it. And in regards to Indian gender roles, the Europeans interpreted Indian’s labor and matrilineal structure as men being weak and women being mistreated. Because hunting and fishing was a leisure activity in the mother country and agriculture work was labor intensive, men were lazy and women lacked freedom. 2.

What important ideas were explored by Bartolome de Las Casas?

Bartolome de Las Casas, a Dominican priest, published A Very Brief Account of he Destruction of the Indies in 1528. It was an account of the decimation of the Indian population. He denounced Spain for causing the deaths of millions and denying the Indians their freedom. He complained of the “strange cruelties” of the Christians such as burning people alive and forced labor. He encouraged the Indians to enjoy all guarantees of liberty and justice and suggested that bringing in African slaves would free Indians from slavery themselves. 3.

Natural liberty versus moral liberty. 7

Massachusetts Puritan governor John Winthrop gave a speech to Massachusetts legislature regarding two different types of liberty—natural and moral. Natural liberty a false idea of freedom adopted by bad Christians, Indians and the Irish and it meant acting without restraint. It was a liberty that allowed for one to do evil. Moral liberty was the liberty to only do what is good and supported restraints on speech, religion, and personal behavior. He believed that true freedom meant subjecting oneself to authority, specifically God. 4.

How did government in Massachusetts change in 1634?

Wishing to rule the colony and keep outside, non-Puritan influence out of Massachusetts, the 8 shareholders of the Massachusetts at Company emigrated to America. They brought their commercial charter with them and transformed it into a form of government. In 1634, a group of landowning church members were elected as deputies and formed a single ruling body, the General Court. 10 years later, company officers and deputies were divided into two legislative houses. 5. What were William Penn’s views on religion and government and what were the advantages and disadvantages about the founding of Pennsylvania? William Penn was a Quaker and wanted good relations with the Indians. He believed liberty belonged to all people and was not based on social status. He also believed in religious freedom and therefore did not establish an official church, nor required attendance to any church. He established a democratic government with a council to originate legislation as well as an assembly elected by taxpayers and freemen. The advantages of Pennsylvania were: most of the...