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PAST SENTENCING SUBMISSION [Sample of a brief – External script – Outline of argument]

Note This is an example of past materials related to a similar sentencing submission assessment. You must AVOID RELYING ON IT AS ANY SORT OF TEMPLATE – there is no substitute for reading and complying with the instructions provided for your own assessment. Attached for R v Youngsta  Prosecution Brief  Defence Brief  Transcript of Plea in Mitigation  Outline of Argument

Prosecution Brief R v Youngsta On 1st April 2021, Larry Youngsta was convicted in the Children’s Court of Queensland at Brisbane, upon a plea of guilty, of one count of doing grievous bodily harm with intent pursuant to s.317 of the Criminal Code. Youngsta’s date of birth is 8th April 2004. The circumstances of the offence are as follows. Youngsta had been waiting with a group of 4 other young males for a train at the South Brisbane station at about 11:15pm on the night of 28th November 2020. Another group of 5 young males approached and the complainant asked Youngsta if he had a light for a cigarette. Youngsta replied that he did not and then verbally abused the complainant. A general scuffle between the two groups then ensued during which the complainant fled across the train track to another platform. Youngsta shouted out across the track “You’re a bloody coward!” and then crossed over to the other platform to continue the fight with the complainant. Youngsta at some stage removed a folding knife with a 20cm serrated blade from the back pocket of his jeans and slashed the complainant across the face and the chest. The complainant then managed to flee the train station and flagged down a Brisbane City Council bus. The bus driver called police and an ambulance. The complainant suffered permanent scaring from an 8cm wound to the face and a 15cm laceration to the chest which required 26 stitches. There is some permanent loss of sensitivity to a number of face muscles due to severed facial nerves. In an interview with police, the offender has admitted that he regularly carried the knife in anticipation of getting into gang fights but that he had never actually used it in a fight or to harm anyone before this offence. A pre-sentence report provided to the court indicates that Youngsta is due to complete Year 12 at Boysburb State High School this year and has achieved grades in the top 10% of his year. He comes from a stable and supportive family and has no prior convictions. There are no indications of mental health problems or personality disorders. No other persons involved in the fight that evening have been charged with any offence.

Defence counsel is briefed as follows: In addition to the facts as articulated in the Crown brief, you may wish to consider the facts listed below. Counsel is instructed to request a non-custodial sentence and is further instructed that Larry will comply with the requirements of any order the court imposes. 1. Larry Youngsta has applied for entry into a Bachelor of Science degree at the University of Queensland in 2022. He should easily meet the academic requirements and his school counsellor advises that he is almost certain to eventually qualify for entry into the graduate MBBS degree and fulfil his ambition to become a general practitioner. Youngsta’s father is in fact a cardiologist and Larry hopes to follow a similar career path. If he is imprisoned now he will be required to complete the whole of Year 12 at a later date. 2. On the night of the offence, Youngsta had been drinking heavily after being encouraged to do so by his group of friends who had been out celebrating the fact that their school rugby league team had won the local schools competition. They were all members of that team. Before that night, Larry had rarely consumed alcohol. 3. Larry cooperated fully with police and informed them of his intention to plead guilty at the earliest opportunity. 4. Larry’s father has paid for all medical expenses incurred by the complainant and has agreed to pay any other level of compensation to the complainant that the court may require. 5. Larry has expressed deep remorse at the harm that he has caused and has written to the complainant to that effect. He has also been referred by his parents to counselling in relation to both his drinking and his use of violence and he has been regularly attending those counselling sessions. 6. Larry’s parents have strenuously assured counsel that they will do everything in their power to ensure that Larry complies fully with the requirements of any non-custodial order(s). 7. Larry appears, apart from this offence, to be a model student and a well adjusted young man. He regularly works for Meals-on-Wheels as part of a school outreach program and coaches a team of disabled primary school children for a local ruby league club every Saturday.

Tr ans c r i ptofPl e ai nMi t i ga t i on RVYOUNGSTA I fi tpl e a s e st hec our tYourHonour ,myna mei sXXX i ni t i a lX a ndIwi l la ppe a ronbe ha l fo ft he de f e n da nt ,Mr .L.Young s t a . YourHonourmyc l i e nti se xt r e me l yr e mor s e f ulf orwha tha soc c ur r e dhekno wst ha thec a nnott ur n ba c kt i meb uthea ndhi sf a mi l ya r ec o mmi t t e dt odoe v e r yt hi n gi nt h e i rpo we rt or i ghtt hewr onga nd t r yt oma kea me ndsf o rwha tha sh a ppe ne dt ot hev i c t i m.I ’ l lbema ki ngf ur t he rs ubmi s s i onsl a t e ron t hi si s s ueYo urHono ur . YourHonour ,unde rs e c t i on3 17oft heCr i mi nalCo de1899( Ql d) ,t h ema xi mum pe na l t yf orgr i e v ous bodi l yha r m wi t hi nt e nti si mpr i s onme ntf orl i f e .Ho we v e r ,a tt het i met h eoffe nc ewa sc ommi t t e d ,Mr . Youn gs t awa sa g e d16a nd7mo nt hs .Se c t i on36oft heAI A de fine sc hi l da sa ni nd i vi dua lwh oi s unde r18 .The r e f or e ,duet oMr .Youn g s t a ’ sl e g a ls t a t usa sac hi l d,hemus tbes e n t e nc e dund e rPa r t7 oft heYout hJ us t i c eAc t1992.Pur s ua ntt os176( 3) ( a )oft heYou t hAc t ,i fac hi l di sf oundgu i l t yo fa n offe nc et ha ta t t r a c t sama xi mum pe na l t yofl i f ei mpr i s onme nti fi twe r ec o mmi t t e db ya na dul tt he c our tma yo r de rt ha tac hi l dbede t a i ne df orape r i odno tmo r et ha n10y e a r s . YourHonourIwoul dfir s t l yl i k et oa d dr e s ss150( 2) ( a )o ft heYout hAc t , whi c hs pe c i fic a l l ys t a t e st ha ta c hi l d’ sa g ei sami t i g a t i ngf a c t ori nde t e r mi ni n gt h ena t ur eofape na l t yi mpo s e d.Ac c or di n gt ot heNe w Sout hWa l e sCour tofAppe a li nHe ar n: “ Whe r et ha ti mma t u r i t yi sas i gni fic a ntc ont r i but i n gf a c t ort oa noffe nc e ,t he ni tma yf a i r l ybes a i d t h a tt hec r i mi na l i t yi n v ol v e di sl e s st ha ni two ul dbei nt h ec a s eofa na du l tofmor ema t ur ey e a r s . ” YourHonourIs ubmi tt ha tMr .You n gs t a ’ si mma t ur i t ydi di nf a c ts i gni fic a nt l yc ont r i but et ot h e pe r p e t r a t i ono ft hi so ffe nc e .I nc ompa r i s ont oa na dul t ,aj u v e ni l ei sc l e a r l yvul ne r a bl ea nds u s c e p t i bl e t oe xt e r na lpr e s s ur e sc a pa bl eofne ga t i v e l yi nflu e nc i ngt h e i ra c t i ons .I nMr .Young s t a ’ sc a s e ,t hi s e xt e r na lpr e s s ur ewa si nt hef or mofpe e rp r e s s ur e .De s pi t eha vi n gr a r e l ypr e v i ous l yc ons ume da l c ohol , Mr .Yo ung s t aha dbe e ndr i nki n ghe a vi l yont hen i ghtoft heoffe nc e .I nde e d,Ia mi ns t r uc t e dt ha tMr . Youn gs t aha dbe e n“ e n c our a ge d”b yhi sgr oupoff r i e n dst oe ng a gei nt hee x c e s s i v ec o ns umpt i onof a l c oholt oc e l e br a t et he i rt e a m wi nn i ngt hel oc a ls c hool shoc ke yt our na me nt .Th i sbi n g edr i nki ngwa s c l e a r l youtofc ha r a c t e rf orMr .You n gs t aa ndwa sc l e a r l yb r ough ta b outb ypr e s s ur ee x e r t e donhi mb y hi spe e r s .Duet ohi si mma t u r i t ya n dvul ne r a bi l i t y ,hewa suna bl et or e c ogn i s ea nds ubs e que nt l y e s c a pet hene g a t i v ei nflu e nc es ur r o undi nghi mt ha tni ght .It he r e f or es u bmi tYo urHonourt ha tMr . Youn gs t a ’ sl e s s e rde gr e eofma t u r i t ya nd mor a lde v e l opme nta nd hi ss us c e pt i bi l i t yt on e ga t i v e i nflue nc e sa saj u v e ni l eoffe nde rc l e a r l ywa r r a n t sal e s s e ne dde gr e eo fc u l pa bi l i t ya nda ss uc h,a r e duc e ds e nt e nc e . YourHonour ,Iwoul dn o wl i k et odi r e c ty oura t t e nt i ont os1 3oft hePe nal t i e sandSe n t e nc e sAc t1992 ( Ql d) ,he r e a f t e rr e f e r r e dt oa s“ t hePS A. ”Se c t i on13oft hePSAs t a t e st ha twhe ni mpos i n gas e nt e nc e upona noffe nd e rwhoha sp l e a de dgui l t y ,ac our tmu s tt a k et hegu i l t yp l e ai nt oa c c ounta ndmay r e duc et hes e nt e nc et ha twoul dha v ebe e ni mpos e dh a dt heo ffe nde rno tpl e a de dg ui l t y .Aspe rt he 1998de c i s i onofSi g ant ovR,apl e aofgui l ti sama t t e rt obet a k e ni nt oa c c ounti nmi t i g a t i ona si t i ndi c a t e ss o mer e mor s eont hepa r toft heoffe nde ra ndha ss pa r e dt hec ommuni t yt hee x pe ns eofa s t c ont e s t e dt r i a l .YourHo nour ,Mr .You n gs t apl e a d e dgui l t yt ot heo ffe nc eont he 1 ofApr i l202 1.Thi s pl e ao fgu i l tc a nbes e e na se vi de nc eo fr e mor s ea sheha ss pa r e dt hevi c t i ma ndot he rwi t ne s s e sf r om t het r a uma t i cpr oc e dur eofgi vi n ge vi de nc ea nd r e ha s hi n gt hedi s t r e s s i n g de t a i l soft heni ght . Fur t he r mor e ,b ye nt e r i ngapl e aofgui l t ya tt hefir s ta v a i l a bl eo ppor t uni t y ,a ndbe f or et hema t t e rwe nt be f or et hec our t ,heha ss pa r e dt hee x pe ns eofat r i a l ,whi c hi sf a v our a bl ef r om apr a gma t i c pe r s pe c t i v e .

Thet i mi n goft hepl e aofgui l t yi sa l s oa ni mpor t a ntf a c t ort obea ddr e s s e d.Aspe rt h ec a s eofRv Tho ms on,o ffe nde r swhoi ndi c a t et he i ri nt e nt i ont opl e a dgui l t ya ta ne a r l i e rt i mewi l la t t r a c tal a r g e r di s c o unt .I na ni nt e r v i e wwi t ht hepol i c e ,Mr .Young s t ai nf or me dt h e m ofhi si n t e nt i ont opl e a dgui l t y a tt h ee a r l i e s top por t uni t ya v a i l a bl et ohi m.YourHonour ,b ye n t e r i n gapl e aofgui l t ya tt hefir s t oppor t uni t ya v a i l a bl et ohi m,Mr .Yo un gs t aha si ndi c a t e dhi sa c c e pt a nc eofr e s pon s i bi l i t yf orhi s a c t i onsa ndwi l l i n gn e s st of a c i l i t a t et hej u s t i c es y s t e m. Ac c or di ng l y ,It he r e f or es ub mi tt ha tMr . Youn gs t a ’ spl e awa r r a nt st h ef ul lbe ne fitofdi s c ou nta v a i l a bl e . YourHonour ,ma yIno w di r e c ty oura t t e nt i ont os9( 3) ( i )oft hePSA.Th i ss e c t i ons pe c i fic a l l yl i s t s r e mor s ea sami t i g a t i n gf a c t ort h a tmus tbet a ke ni nt oa c c ountwhe ns e nt e nc i n gavi ol e ntoffe n de r . YourHonour ,t he r ei snodoub tt ha tMr .You n gs t aha se xpr e s s e dde e pr e mo r s ea tt heha r mt ha thi s a c t i onsha v ec a us e d .AsPe rt he2001de c i s i onRvCuff;ExPa r t eAt t or ne yGe ne r al ,ad i s c ounti n s e nt e nc i n gf ora ne xpr e s s i onofr e mor s ewi l lonl ybea wa r de di ft he r ei sc l e a re vi de nc eo ft r u e c ont r i t i onont hepa r toft heoffe nde r .Mr .Yo ung s t a ’ sa c t i onsf ol l o wi ngt hei nc i de n tc l e a r l ye vi de nc e g e nui nea ndhe a r t f e l tr e pe nt a nc e .Heha swr i t t e nas i nc e r el e t t e rofa pol o gyt ot hevi c t i me xpr e s s i n g hi sr e mor s ef ort heha r mh ei n fli c t e d.Mr .Youn gs t a ’ sf a t he rha sa l s opa i da l lme di c a le xp e ns e s i nc u r r e db yt hevi c t i m upunt i lt hi spo i nti nt i me .I na ddi t i o nt ot he s eme di c a le xp e ns e s ,hi sf a t he rha s a l s oa gr e e dt op a ya n yo t he rl e v e lofc ompe ns a t i o nt ot hevi c t i mt ha tt hec our tma yr e q ui r eort ha tt he c ompl a i na ntmi gh ts e e kb ywa yofc i vi la c t i on .I nRvCu ff;ExPar t eAt t or ne yGe ne r al ,i twa she l dt ha t pa yme ntofc omp e ns a t i ont oavi c t i mi st a n gi bl ee vi de nc eofr e mor s eont hepa r toft heoffe nd e r . Al t houghob vi ous l ynotpa i ddi r e c t l yb yMr . Yo ung s t aa shei saj u v e ni l e , t hec ompe ns a t i onpa i db yh i s f a t he re v i de nc e st ha tbot h hi ma nd hi sf a mi l y ha v ea c c e pt e dr e s p ons i bi l i t y .Mr .Youn g s t af ul l y a c c e pt e dt hec ons e que nc e sofhi sa c t i ons ,a tnopoi n ta t t e mpt e dt oe s c a pec ul p a bi l i t ya ndc oope r a t e d f ul l ywi t ht hel a we nf o r c e me ntor g a ni s a t i ons . Thec on s i de r a bl ea mountoff a mi l i a ls uppor ta v a i l a bl et oMr .Yo ung s t ai saf ur t he rc ons i d e r a t i o nt obe t a k e ni nt oa c c ount .YourHonour ,i fIma ydi r e c ty out os1 50( 2) ( c )o ft heYout hAc twhi c hpr o vi de s t ha tt her e ha bi l i t a t i onofac hi l dwhoi sf ou ndgui l t yofa noffe nc ei sgr e a t l ya s s i s t e db yt h ec hi l d’ s f a mi l y .The r ei snodoub tt ha tMr .Youn g s t ac o me sf r om av e r ys t a bl ea n ds up por t i v ef a mi l y .As me nt i on e de a r l i e r ,Mr .Yo u ng s t a ’ sf a t he rha spa i df ort heme di c a le xpe ns e si nc ur r e db yt hev i c t i ma sa r e s ul tofhi si n j ur ya ndha sf ur t he roffe r e dt opa ya n yo t h e rl e v e lo fc ompe ns a t i on.Mr .Young s t a ’ s pa r e nt sh a v ea l s os t r e nuous l ya s s ur e dmet ha tt he ywi l ldoe v e r yt hi n gi nt he i rpo we rt oe ns ur et ha tMr . Youn gs t ai sf ul l yc ompl i a ntwi t ht her e qui r e me nt sofa n yc us t o di a lor de ri mpos e dupo nhi m.Mr . Youn gs t a ’ sf a mi l yi n v ol v e me nta nds uppo r ti nhi sr e ha bi l i t a t i oni sc r uc i a lt ohi ss uc c e s s .Thef a mi l y s uppor tc ur r e nt l ya v a i l a bl et oMr .Youn g s t ah o we v e r ,wo ul dbes i gni fic a nt l yr e duc e di fhewe r et o s e r v eape r i odofd e t e nt i on.It he r e f or es ubmi tYourHonourt ha tMr .Young s t a ’ sr e h a bi l i t a t i oni sbe s t s e r v e db yanonc us t odi a ls e nt e nc ewi t ht h ea s s i s t a nc eoff ul lf a mi l ys uppor ta nds upe r vi s i on. YourHonour ,s150( e )oft heYout hAc tr e q ui r e st hec ou r tt ot a kei nt oa c c ountt hec h i l d’ spr e vi ous offe ndi n ghi s t o r y .Thepr e s e nt e nc er e por tpr o vi de dt ot hec our ti ndi c a t e st ha tMr .Young s t aha sn o pr i orc on vi c t i ons .De s p i t er e gul a r l yc a r r yi ngakni f ei nhi spoc ke t ,heha dne v e ra c t ua l l yus e di ti na fighto rt oha r ma n y onebe f or et hi so ffe nc e .Thi si nc i de ntwa sc l e a r l ya ni s ol a t e do nea ndc ompl e t e l y outofc ha r a c t e rf orMr .Young s t a .I nRy anvR,Mc HughJhe l dt ha ti fape r s on ’ sa c t i onsi nc ommi t t i n g a noffe nc ewe r e“ outofc ha r a c t e r , ”e vi d e nc e db ya nunbl e mi s he dr e c or d,t hel i k e l i hoodoft hepe r s on r e offe n di ngi ss l i m. Thepr e s e n t e nc er e por t–whi c ht hec our tmus tha v er e ga r dt ounde rs150( 1) ( f )oft heYo ut hAc t–i s i ndi c a t i v eo fMr .Yo ung s t a ’ sot he r wi s eg oodc ha r a c t e r .Mr .Yo ung s t ai sc ur r e nt l ys t r i vi n ga c a de mi c a l l y i nh i sfina ly e a rofhi ghs c h ool , a c hi e vi nggr a de si nt he5% ofhi sy e a r . Af t e rhec omp l e t e sg r a d e12, he ha ss t r on ga s pi r a t i on soff ol l o wi n gi nh i sf a t he r ’ sf oot s t e ps .Heha sa ppl i e df ore nt r yi nt ot heBa c he l or ofSc i e n c ede gr e ea tt heUni v e r s i t yofQue e ns l a ndi n2022.Ac c or di n gt oh i ss c ho olc ouns e l l ors he

a dvi s e st ha th ei sa l mos tc e r t a i nt obea c c e pt e di nt ot hi sde gr e ewi t he x c e l l e ntpr os p e c t st oe v e nt u a l l y qua l i f yf ore nt r yi nt ot hegr a dua t eMBBS t of ul filhi sa mb i t i on t o be c omeage ne r a lme di c a l pr a c t i t i one r .Ia mi ns t r uc t e dt ha ta pa r tf r om t hi soffe nc e ,Mr .You ng s t ac a nbed e s c r i be da samode l s t ude nta n dav e r ywe l lr ounde dy oungma nwhi c hc a nbes e e nb yh i se ng a g e me nti nt e a ms por ta t s c ho ol .Mr .Young s t a ’ sgood c ha r a c t e ri sf u r t he re vi de nc e db yh i she a vy i n v ol v e me nti nt he c ommuni t y ,r e gul a r l ywor ki ngf orMe a l s OnWhe e l sa sapa r tofas c hoo lout r e a c hpr o gr a m.Yo ur Honou rI ’ dl i ket ot e nde rar e f e r e nc ef r o m MrJ one sSmi t hi nr e s pe c to fMrYo un g s t a .Yo urHonour y ouwi l ls e ef r om t ha tr e por tt ha ts hei sa wa r eofhi soffe ndi n gi nf a c t ss he ’ she r ei nc ou r ti ns uppor t a ndi n di c a t e dt hi si soutofc ha r a c t e ra nde mpha s i s e dt hegr e a ta s s i s t a nc eheha sgi v e nt oMe a l son Wh e e l si nt hea r e a .Iwo u l da l s ol i k et obr i n gt oy oura t t e nt i o nhea l s oc oa c he sat e a m ofdi s a bl e d pr i ma r ys c hoo lc hi l dr e nf oral oc a lc l u be v e r ySa t ur da y ,e vi de n c i n ghi se mpa t hi ca ndc a r i n gn a t ur e .I wou l da l s ol i ket ot e nde rar e f e r e nc ef r om Ha r r yJ a c obswhoi sh i ss por t s ma s t e ri ns u ppor tofMr Youn gs t a .Heha skno wnMrYoun gs t aa ndi sa wa r eofhi soffe ndi n ga nds a y si ti so utofc ha r a c t e r .As y ourHonourc a ns e ef r om t her e f e r e nc eI ’ v ej us tt e nd e r e dMrYo ung s t ai she l di nhi ghr e g a r dnotonl y f r om MrJ a c obsb utb yt hepa r e nt soft hedi s a bl e ds t ude nt s .Hea l s oi si nc our tt o g e t he rwi t hMr Youn gs t a ’ sf a t he rmo t h e ra n ds i s t e rt oda y .No w bot hMsSmi t ha ndMrJ a c obsa r ev e r ybus ype opl e t he ydon ’ t ’ha v et ob ehe r ei nc our t .Th e ya r ehe r et os h o wt ha tnot wi t hs t a ndi n ghi soffe n di ngt he ya r e he r et os uppo r thi m.I ti sc l e a ry ourHono urt ha tMr .Young s t ai sas t ude ntofv e r yhi g ha c hi e v e me nt s a ndwhoha sa s pi r a t i on sa n dgoa l sf ort hef ut ur e .I fMr . Yo ung s t awe r et obei mp r i s one da tt h i spoi n ti n t i me ,hewoul dber e qui r e dt oc ompl e t et hewhol eo fgr a de12a tal a t e rda t e ,s i gn i fic a nt l yhi nde r i ng hi sf ut ur ea mbi t i onsofbe c omi ngac a r di ol og i s t . Yo urHonour ,a l t houghat e r m ofde t e nt i oni sa l wa y swi t hi nr a n g ef ort h i soffe n c e ,Is ubmi tt ha ta t e r m ofa c t ua lde t e nt i o ni nt he s ec i r c ums t a nc e ss e r v enous e f ulpur p os e .I nRvMi l l s ,i twa she l d t h a tt her e ha bi l i t a t i onofay out hf uloffe nd e rwi l lnor ma l l ybea no v e r r i di n gc ons i de r a t i ona ndwi l l b emor ei mpor t a ntt ha nt hep r i nc i pl e sofde t e r r e nc ea n dpuni s hme nta ndt he r e f or ei nt e r e s t sof r e ha bi l i t a t i onofaj uv e ni l eoffe nde rs houl db ef os t e r e d. Yo urHono ur ,Mr .Yo un gs t a ’ sl i ke l i hoodo f s u c c e s s f ulr e ha bi l i t a t i oni shi g h.Thi si n c i de nc ea s i de ,hei sofg oo dc ha r a c t e r ,ha sac ommi t t e d a nds t r ongf a mi l ys uppor tne t wor ka ndha sa mbi t i on sf ort hef ut ur e .Th i sr e h a bi l i t a t i onha si nf a c t a l r e a d yc omme n c e dwi t hMr .Yo ung s t aunde r t a ki n gr e gul a rc oun s e l l i n gs e s s i on swi t hMrJ ohn Na pi e rwhoi saqua l i fie dc ouns e l l or . .I ’ dl i k et ot e nd e ral e t t e rwhopr o vi de sd e t a i l sofhi s p r o gr e s si nr e s pe c tofhi sc ouns e l l i n gt h a theha sma de .Youc a ns e eMrNa pi e ri sf ul l ya wa r eof wha tha so c c ur r e da ndmyc l i e n tha sa dmi t t e dhi sl i a bi l i t yy o uc a ns e ef r om MrNa pi e rhe e x pr e s s e se xt r e mer e mor s ef orwha t ’ soc c ur r e da ndy ouc a ns e et ha tMrNa pi e rs e e shi spr ogr e s s c ont i nui n gi nt hef ut ur e .Hi spr os pe c tofr e ha bi l i t a t i onwi l lul t i ma t e l ybedi mi ni s he di fape r i odof d e t e nt i oni sor de r e d. Aspr e vi o us l yme nt i one di ft hi swe r et hec a s e ,Mr .Youn g s t awou l dbef or c e d t or e pe a tgr a de12 .Af t e rape r i ods pe nti nde t e nt i o n,t he r ei sn ogua r a nt e et ha tMr .Youn g s t a wou l dha v et hemot i v a t i ont or e t ur nt ohi ghs c ho ol ,pa r t i c ul a r l ya f t e re n ga gi n gwi t hot h e rj uv e ni l e o ffe nde r s .Andy ou rHonou rheha sonl yj us tt u r ne d17y e a r sofa g e .Ta ki n gi nt oa c c ountMr . Yo un gs t a ’ sgui l t ypl e a ,hi sde e pr e mo r s ee xpr e s s e da tt heha r m heh a sc a us e da ndt hef a c tt ha t a s i def r om t hi soffe nc e ,h ei sa n...