summary of the basics of Typography in geography PDF

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this is my written assignment about topography. it is deeply researched and will prove helpful for any academic student looking for help...

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Typography Student’s Name Instructor’s Name Institutional Affiliation Course Date

2 Contemporary and Historical Context Writing is one of the most significant communication types, and it traces its roots back to pictograms. Ancient civilizations used this form of communication to express ideas, and it has developed various typographic systems. Understandably, typography is a fundamental aspect of graphic design. Designers in the field of typeface are expected better to understand typography, specifically its development over time. Records present that formal writing was developed by the Sumerians at around 3,500 B.C. though ancient cave date back to 20,000 B.C. The need to communicate complex concepts increased with advanced civilizations (Baines and Haslam, 2005, p23). The "Middle Ages" mostly consisted of well-illustrated manuscripts and, as a result, was a wide variety of writing forms. The turning point of modern society involved communicating with the masses and the printing press that dates back to the 15th century. Currently, there are many tools and technology that help in creating numerous typographic designs. The different styles have enabled graphic designers to expand their knowledge to produce a more advanced body of work. Typography skills have helped designers understand which elements have evolved and those that are more or less the same. Understanding every typeface is quite challenging, but graphic designers should be well-versed in typographic styles. The issue at hand is not only about theoretical knowledge but a strong understanding of typographical history. Blackletter The Blackletter was used in the Gutenberg Bible. The typeface is popular because of its dramatic and thick strokes. The style is based on ancient manuscript lettering. Blackletter was developed in Western Europe in the mid-twelfth century (Bronger, 2005, p89). It is worth noting

3 that the style is quite challenging to read, and as a result, it became less popular for printing in the 1500s except in Germany. Humanist This typeface was discovered during the 1460s and 1470s and modeled on lighter Italian humanist writers. It is also considered the first roman type. What makes the design different from others is the sloping cross-bar on the lowercase “e” and relatively small x-height. Other differentiating characteristics include “thick” and “thin” strokes and their dark color. Old Style This typeface is based on the hand lettering of scribes that was first done in the late 15th century. Thick and thin transitions also characterize the category. The stress that accompanies the Old Style is the diagonal when a line is drawn through the writing's thinnest parts. Transitional The first book that was authored using this style dates back to 1702. The full set of 82 fonts was completed in 1745 (Eliason, 2015, p30). Its characteristics include vertical stress in the bowls, a significant difference between thick and thin strokes. Modern This topography opened the doors to more significant stroke thickness variations, and a high level of contrast was achieved. Modern topography was very popular during the time. It is characterized by non-bracketed serifs and wider contrast between thicks and thins. Slab

4 Its development coincides with the industrial revolution at the beginning of the 14th century. The printing process increased commerce to fill the void. It is during this development that new fonts were developed. Confusion arose when there was no convention for terms that were used. Neo-Grotesque-Sans Serif It is one of the most common typefaces. They include Arial, Helvetica, and Univers. The letters are relatively plain when compared to grotesques (Qiu, Watanabe and Omura, 2017, p121). Geometric-Sans Serif This typeface is closely linked to geometric shapes. The letter “a” is often simple, and the letter “o” appears circular. This category is similar to the modern-day sans-serifs. Humanist Sans-Serif This category first appeared in the early twentieth century. They are characterized by the hand's presence, an uppercase, and an overall more organic structure. They have a true italic and not a sloped roman. It is more evident in a single-story lowercase italic. Script This typeface is handwritten and based on the varied and always fluid stroke. People usually use this category for advertising rather than for extended body texts. They are based upon letterforms during the 17th and 18th centuries. The script can successfully create fine and thick strokes.

5 Google Fonts The category comprises numerous free and open source font families. Most of them are released under the font license and others under the Apache License (Bigelow, 2019, p162). They include Roboto, Open Sans, and Lato, to name a few. Adobe Fonts The original program of Adobe Fonts was initiated in 1989. The typeface was developed to bring about exemplary design quality. It is an online service that provides users with a subscription library of fonts. People can use it directly on the website or using Adobe Creative Cloud. Key Typefaces Jenson Jenson is an old-style serif typeface. This category was drawn for Adobe systems. Jenson dates back to around the 1470s and most of its features are based on those developed fifty years later by Ludovico Vicentino. Garamond Garamond comprises numerous serif typefaces discovered in the sixteenth century. The typefaces are famous, and people utilize them for book printing. The most common type of digital font is known as Monotype Garamond. Baskerville

6 John Baskerville developed the typeface in the mid-eighteenth century. It is considered a transitional typeface and acts as a stepping stone of transformation from old style typefaces to contemporary typefaces (Leonidas, 2017, p28). The design did not come up without critiques, as the new change seemed drastic, but many people have come to appreciate it. Bodoni The serif typeface was first developed in the mid-eighteenth century by Giambattista Bodoni. The style has frequently revived since then. Bodoni is considered a modern typeface. The letter styles were new and not an update of previous versions. Didot The typefaces were named after the Didot family, back in the 1780s to the early nineteenth century. The style was used in printing. During this period, books' printing became less expensive and opened book ownership to the ordinary person. Didot is characterized by increased stroke contrast, vertical stress, and unbracketed serifs. It is also considered a modern classification of typefaces. Snell-Roundhand The typeface was designed in 1965 by Matthew Crater. The ideas used to develop it were based on the 18th century round-hand scripts. The categories can best be used in middle-length texts and headlines. Snell-Roundhand was designed on the grounds of simplicity and efficiency. Clarendon Clarendon was released in 1845. Most people think of wood when picturing Clarendon. The typeface was common on wooden posts and block with numerous coloring. It is considered a

7 typical example of a class of Slab Serifs. Despite its designing Robert Besley, it was inspired by the typeface Antique. Rockwell The typeface was released in 1934 as a slab serif. Frank Hinman engineered the supervision of its release. The typeface distinction is based on serif at the uppercase A's apex and its characterization of a two storeys lowercase "a." Futura The typeface is described as one of the most famous geometric fonts. This category was designed back in 1927, and it is a modern font. It is found everywhere, from cars to furniture. The designers used it on the plaque that was left on the Moon in the "Apollo 11 mission." Helvetica Helvetica typeface has been in existence since the 1950s. It is possibly the most popular typeface worldwide. Its fond has been widely used to design logos, posters and tends to outright hatred. The style has continued to dominate urban regions. Calibri Microsoft commissioned the typeface's font family in 2002 to represent the strengths that characterize the technology. The style is known because of its rounded lines. Microsoft recognized the unique system that was used to improve fonts on any hardware. Verona

8 The typeface is a retro-flavored serif. This style has upper and lower case alphabets and numbers. There are seven variants that are contained in the typeface. It was launched in 1912 by a UK company and was mainly used for type casting in metal typography. Goudy Frederic W. Goudy initially created the typeface. The style has remained popular since its creation for American Type Founders (ATF) in 1915. Goudy successfully designed more than 100 typefaces over the course of 50 years, but Goudy is famous for all designs, reflecting the individualistic style. Palantino Hermann Zapf designed the typeface, and of all his styles, it is the most admired. Zapf utilized the design for legibility by giving it open counters (Mackiewicz and Moeller, 2004, p304). It is based on classical Italian Renaissance forms. The styles if comprised of numerous characters that are newly designed. Arial The typeface was designed for Monotype in 1982. Robin Nicholas was its founder, and it was considered a contemporary san-serif design. Different from many of its predecessors, the style is said to have more humanist behaviors. Arial has been applied in almost every computer and all textual applications. Typography Terms Serif/ Sans Serif

9 In typography, a sans serif lacks extension of features called “serifs” at the end of strokes. Fewer strokes with width variation characterize them compared to serif fonts. They are used to illustrate modernity and simplicity. Paragraph It is pretty frustrating to look for a unique sans-serif that can work as a powerful headline and readable paragraph choice. Sans-serif is said to work well both in paragraph and headline. It is characterized by multiple weights and has excellent italics. Leading The space between adjacent lines in typography is called leading; however, the exact definition varies. It was initially used to increase the vertical distance between strips inserted between lines. Kerning The adjustment of letters between two individual letters or numbers can be described as kerning in typography. When the process is conducted correctly, it appears more professional. Therefore, professional designers are required to spend a couple of minutes kerning their type. Families A set of fonts that are characterized by a common design is known as a font family. Fonts have different distinctions. An example of a font family is Times News Roman, which has different versions of the same typeface. Hierarchy

10 In typography, Hierarchy is a type of organization that enables the readers the ability to establish an order of significance, to identify the intended version to navigate content quickly. Resolution Described as a modern monospaced typeface, a resolution has four weights. It is a satire that inherited its name through such a phrase (Smith and Groenewold, 2018, p5). Some consider it a memorial to low resolution and it is said to be a good programmer’s choice. Dimensions The design includes variations that are all referred to as fonts. There are many types of this kind, and others are continuously being developed. Dimensions are tailored for already defined applications. Line Screen Many questions arise as people tend to understand particular sentiments in typography. In an attempt to understand whether scientific forces exist, it was found out that different typefaces have precisely the same space on the screen. Trim In the struggle to make some features appear identical, the result is a concept to other trimming forms. Fontstand has brought about trim typeface for free or for use just for just a fraction of the regular price. Bleed

11 In printing, bleed is a style that goes beyond the part where the sheet should be trimmed. The bleed provides the printer with a space to enhance the motion of the paper. Trapping The act of adjusting areas in typography is described as trapping. People create a trap when knocking out graphics to ensure that no white spaces are resulting from misregistration. Page Grids Page Grids consist of horizontal and vertical lines that enhance layout choices in typography. Grids have been in existence since the time of the Gutenberg Bible. They make it simple to relate some features on a given page. Printer Specifications People are often bombarded with typography elements each time they wake up until late at night. This simply means that typography and typefaces are everywhere. The challenging issue is an understanding of typeface styles that surround society (Leonidas, Silva and Madureira, 2015, p34). Proofing Every person enjoys a good pangram, a sentence that is comprised of the alphabet at least once. Previously proofs were characterized with pangrammatic that caused merry reading. Coding

12 When an individual’s profession involves a longtime writing code, one can expect a difference even for deceptively trivial elements. Therefore, one should choose the best font to avoid any projected issues. Sign off Some people consider sign-off as an end-stop, and others describe it as an end-point; it is primarily the latter part of a period. Designers should understand that all symbols are designed from scratch against guidelines and standards that have been copied since the time of experience. Description of Terms CMYK and RGB There is a significant difference between CMYK and RGB color space, which matters a lot in typography. The primary colors of light are referred to, and they are primarily in monitors, television screens, and scanners. CMYK, on the other hand, are the primary colors of pigment. They are commonly referred to as “full color printing.” When RGB light is mixed, the resultant color is white, while a mixture of CMYK colors produces black ink (McGavin, Stukenborg and Witkowski, 2005, p76). It is highly complex for the printing press to make colors the way they are figured on monitors. It is worth noting that some programs can successfully convert RGB colors to CMYK colors. Letterpress A type of relief printing is known as Letterpress. Designers use it to produce numerous copies in a repeated version or on a continuous roll of paper. Letterpress is more useful in commercial printing by many copies can be created in a repeated version.

13 Lithography The process of printing that utilizes the immiscibility of grease and water is known as Lithography. This type of typeface is used to produce high-quality print and can be used for other materials. The term is a combination of two Greek words, lithos (stone) and graphein (writing). Linotype It is a machine that makes it possible to cast in type metal as complete and not as an individual character. The device was developed in 1884 in the United States. The machine was more valuable at the point when large amounts of straight texts were of interest by the designers. Indigo print Indigo print was the first of the currently known digital printing technology. The technology can match offset lithography’s print and is characterized by the ability to print large amounts of materials. The technology is helpful in commercial printing because of its capacity to produce large materials. Laser print The technology makes it possible to transfer text and images onto paper using light. Different from the normal perception of the technology, a laser printer does not burn images onto the text. Since these printers do not utilize ink, they do not face many smearing problems, and they are faster than inkjet printers. Inkjet Print

14 The Inkjet Print is used to produce hard copy products and can spray the ink onto paper. The technology allows the production of copies with a resolution of more than 300 dots. Many categories of these printers can make full-color hard copies and are accompanied by a single box. Type Animation Animation enables narrators to present their narrators in distinctive styles. Therefore, individuals who are already storytellers or those who want to be should find animation the best place to start. At this point, the animation is defined as the simulation of movement based on a series of pictures. Nonetheless, the operation of animation is quite complicated. Types of animation include stop motion, motion graphics, traditional animation, and 3D animation. Html/Coding HTML technology makes it possible for designers to develop sections and applications. The technology is considered a programming language, but it makes it easy to structure documents in a similar structure as Microsoft Word. Users of HTML consider simple code structures to describe a website. HTML is actually a markup technology, and it is really straightforward.

15 Bibliography Baines, P. and Haslam, A., 2005. Type & typography. Laurence King Publishing. Bigelow, C., 2019. Typeface features and legibility research. Vision research, 165, pp.162-172. Bronger, T., 2005. Blackletter Typefaces in T1 Encoding. Eliason,

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