SUMSUM TULANG BELAKANG DAN SISTEM SARAF TEPI PDF

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Summary

SUMSUM TULANG BELAKANG DAN SISTEM SARAF TEPI Imadduddin, M.A NERVOUS SYSTEM Central NS Peripheral NS Brain Spinal cord Somatic NS Autonomic NS Forebrain Hindbrain Efferent nerves Midbrain Afferent nerves Symphathetic Reticular Formation (extend to midbrain) Parasymphahetic Cerebrum Limbic system Med...

Description

SUMSUM TULANG BELAKANG DAN SISTEM SARAF TEPI Imadduddin, M.A

NERVOUS SYSTEM Central NS Brain

Forebrain

Peripheral NS Spinal cord

Somatic NS

Autonomic NS

Hindbrain

Efferent nerves

Midbrain

Afferent nerves Reticular Formation (extend to midbrain)

Cerebrum

Symphathetic

Parasymphahetic

Limbic system

Thalamus Hypothalamus

Medulla Cerebelum Pons

SUMSUM TULANG BELAKANG • = Medula spinalis • Berawal dari medula oblongata ke arah kaudal mll foramen magnum, berakhir diantara vertebra L1 dan L2 • Penghubung otak dengan seluruh tubuh/perifer (PNS) • Berperan langsung dalam proses/ gerak refleks • Mengandung 31 psg saraf spinal

Lengkung refleks Refleks • Cepat, otonom, respon yang tidak disadari • Hasil dari reflex arcs/lengkung refleks – jalur saraf terpendek

Sistem saraf tepi

Berdasarkan arah impuls yang dibawanya

Sistem saraf aferen Sistem saraf eferen

Berdasarkan asalnya

Sistem saraf kepala

Sistem saraf tulang belakang

Sistem saraf tepi yang terdiri dari sistem saraf kepala dan sistem saraf tulang belakang.

Distribusi saraf2 kranial

Sistem saraf tak sadar

Sistem saraf tak sadar yang tersusun atas sistem saraf simpatik dan sistem saraf parasimpatik.

• Fungsi sistem saraf simpatik dan parasimpatik selalu berlawanan (antagonis). Sistem saraf parasimpatik terdiri dari keseluruhan "nervus vagus" bersama cabang-cabangnya ditambah dengan beberapa saraf otak lain dan saraf sumsum sambung.

• • • • • • •

Parasimpatik mengecilkan pupil menstimulasi aliran ludah memperlambat denyut jantung membesarkan bronkus menstimulasi sekresi kelenjar pencernaan mengerutkan kantung kemih

• • • • • • •

Simpatik memperbesar pupil menghambat aliran ludah mempercepat denyut jantung mengecilkan bronkus menghambat sekresi kelenjar pencernaan menghambat kontraksi kandung kemih

Target Organ

Parasympathetic Effects

Sympathetic Effects

Eye (Iris)

Stimulates constrictor muscles. Pupil constriction

Stimulates dilator muscles. Pupil dilates.

Eye (Ciliary muscle)

Stimulates. Lens accommodates – allows for close vision

No innervation.

Salivary Glands

Watery secretion

Mucous secretion

Sweat Glands

No innervation

Stimulates sweating in large amounts (Cholinergic)

Gallbladder

Stimulates smooth muscle to contract and expel bile

Inhibits gallbladder smooth muscle

Target Organ

Parasympathetic Effects

Sympathetic Effects

Cardiac Muscle

Decreases HR

Increases HR and force of contraction

Coronary Blood Vessels

Constricts

Dilates

Urinary Bladder; Urethra

Contracts bladder smooth muscle; relaxes urethral sphincter

Relaxes bladder smooth muscle; contracts urethral sphincter

Lungs

Contracts bronchiole (small air passage) smooth muscle

Dilates bronchioles

Digestive Organs

Increases peristalsis and enzyme/mucus secretion

Decreases glandular and muscular activity

Liver

No innervation

No innervation (indirect effect)

Target Organ

Parasympathetic Effects

Sympathetic Effects

Kidney

No innervation

Releases the enzyme renin which acts to increase BP

Penis

Vasodilates penile arteries. Erection

Smooth muscle contraction. Ejaculation.

Vagina; Clitoris

Vasodilation. Erection

Vaginal reverse peristalsis

Blood Coagulation

No effect

Increases coagulation rate

Cellular Metabolism

No effect

Increases metabolic rate

Adipose Tissue

No effect

Stimulates fat breakdown

Target Organ

Parasympathetic Effects

Sympathetic Effects

Mental Activity

No innervation

Increases alertness

Blood Vessels

Little effect

Constricts most blood vessels and increases BP. Exception – dilates blood vessels serving skeletal muscle fibers (cholinergic)

Uterus

Depends on stage of the cycle

Depends on stage of the cycle

Endocrine Pancreas

Stimulates insulin secretion

Inhibits insulin secretion

Pengaruh Obat-obatan dan Narkoba terhadap Sistem Saraf Alkohol

Obat-obatan terlarang

• Golongan sedatif • Golongan stimulan

• Golongan halusinogen • Golongan penahan rasa nyeri

Gangguan pada sistem saraf manusia • Epilepsi Obat-obatan dan narkoba mempengaruhi sistem saraf dan jantung.

• Neuritis

• Alzheimer...