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NSW PHYSICS & Module 1 Kinematics Module 2 Dynamics

Brian Shadwick

© Science Press 2018 First published 2018 Science Press Bag 7023 Marrickville NSW 1475 Australia Tel: (02) 9516 1122 Fax: (02) 9550 1915 [email protected] www.sciencepress.com.au

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Science Press. ABN 98 000 073 861

Contents Introduction Words to Watch

vi vi

Module 1 Kinematics Motion In a Straight Line and On a Plane C

TE T

FOCUS

Describe uniform straight line (rectilinear) motion and uniformly accelerated motion through qualitative descriptions.

C

1

Distance and Displacement

2

Working Out Directions Another Way

4

3

Speed

6

4 5 6

Velocity Acceleration SI Units and Powers Of Ten

2

8 10 11

15 16 17

C C

7 8

TE T

FOCUS

Use mathematical modelling and graphs to analyse and derive relationships between time, distance, displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration in rectilinear motion. Describe ways in which the motion of objects changes and describe and analyse these graphically for velocity and displacement.

Displacement-Time Graphs 1 Displacement-Time Graphs 2

12 14

9

Velocity-Time Graphs 1

16

10

Velocity-Time Graphs 2

20

11

Acceleration-Time Graphs 1

21

12

Acceleration-Time Graphs 2

23

18

C

19

C C

13

C

14

TE T

FOCUS

Conduct an investigation to gather data to facilitate the analysis of instantaneous and average velocity through quantitative, first-hand measurements and graphical representation and interpretation of data.

Analysing Experimental Data

TE T

FOCUS

20

24

25

TE T

FOCUS

Describe uniform straight line (rectilinear) motion and uniformly accelerated motion through the use of scalar and vector quantities. Analyse vectors in one and two dimensions to resolve a two-dimensional vector into two independent, perpendicular components.

Components Of Vectors

TE T

FOCUS

30

Analyse vectors in one and two dimensions to add two perpendicular vector components to obtain a single vector.

Adding Vector Components

TE T

FOCUS

27 28 29

32

Represent distance and displacement of objects moving on a plane using vector addition and components of vectors.

Adding Vectors In a Straight Line

33

Subtracting Vectors In a Straight Line

34

Adding and Subtracting Vectors In a Straight Line

35

TE T

FOCUS

Describe ways in which the motion of objects changes and describe and analyse these algebraically and with vector diagrams for velocity and displacement.

23

Vectors In Two Dimensions 1

36

24

Vectors In Two Dimensions 2

38

25

Surfing NSW Physics Modules 1 and 2

Analysing Two Velocity Experiments Analysing Two Acceleration Experiments Analysing an Experiment – Pendulums

22

C

Science Press

Conduct investigations, selecting from a range of technologies, to record and analyse the motion of objects in a variety of situations in one dimension in order to measure or calculate time, distance, displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration.

21

C

Use mathematical modelling to analyse and derive relationships between time, distance, displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration in rectilinear motion.

Using the Equations Of Motion

TE T

FOCUS

TE T

FOCUS

Calculate relative velocity of two objects moving along the same line using vector analysis.

Relative Velocity 1

39

MODULE 1 KINEMATICS MODULE 2 DYNAMICS

iii

C

26

C

27

TE T

FOCUS

Describe and analyse the relative positions and motions of one object relative to another on a plane using vector analysis.

Relative Velocity 2

TE T

FOCUS

42

Analyse relative motion of objects in two dimensions for the motion of a boat on a flowing river.

Boats In Flowing Water

C

28

C

44

29

TE T

FOCUS

Analyse relative motion of objects in two dimensions for the motion of two moving cars.

Relative Velocities Of Cars

TE T

FOCUS

47

Analyse relative motion of objects in two dimensions for the motion of a plane in a crosswind.

Aeroplanes In Crosswinds

48

Module 2 Dynamics Forces, Acceleration, Momentum and Energy C

TE T

FOCUS

Use Newton’s laws of motion and in particular the third law to describe static and dynamic interactions between two or more objects and the changes that occur resulting from a contact force.

30

Types Of Forces

50

31

Equilibrium and Newton’s First Law

53

C

TE T

FOCUS

Explore the concept of net force and equilibrium in one-dimensional and twodimensional contexts using algebraic addition, vector addition, vector addition by resolution into components. Apply, solve problems or make quantitative predictions about resultant and component forces using Fx = F cos θ and Fy = F sin θ.

C

Forces In One and Two Dimensions – Vector Revision

54

33 34

Forces In Two Dimensions 1 Forces In Two Dimensions 2

56 58

Analysing a Motion Experiment 1

65

40

Analysing a Motion Experiment 2

66

41

Analysing More Motion Experiments

67

TE T

FOCUS

Apply Newton’s first two laws of motion to a variety of everyday situations, including both static and dynamic examples and include the role played by friction.

35

Newton’s First Law Of Motion and Inertia

59

36

The Role Of Friction

61

C

TE T

FOCUS

Investigate, describe and analyse the acceleration of a single object subjected to a constant net force and relate the motion of the object to Newton’s second law of motion through the use of qualitative descriptions and including F = ma for uniformly accelerated motion.

TE T

FOCUS

Conduct an investigation to explain and predict the motion of objects on inclined planes.

42

Analysing an Experiment

68

43

Motion On an Inclined Plane

69

C C

FOCUS

Investigate, describe and analyse the acceleration of a single object subjected to a constant net force and relate the motion of the object to Newton’s second law of motion through the use of graphs and vectors. Derive relationships including F = ma and relationships of uniformly accelerated motion.

39

C

32

TE T

44

C

45

C

TE T

FOCUS

Apply, solve problems or make quantitative predictions about resultant and component forces using FAB = −FBA.

Newton’s Third Law

TE T

FOCUS

71

Conduct an investigation to analyse Hooke’s law: F = −kx.

Hooke’s Law

TE T

FOCUS

73

Apply the law of conservation of mechanical energy to the quantitative analysis of motion involving elastic potential energy transferred to an object. UP = 1_ kx2. 2

37

Newton’s Second Law – Qualitative Descriptions

63

38

Newton’s Second Law – Force Equation: F = ma

64

iv

MODULE 1 KINEMATICS MODULE 2 DYNAMICS

46

Energy Stored In a Stretched Spring

74

Science Press

Surfing NSW Physics Modules 1 and 2

C

47 48

TE T

FOCUS

Apply the law of conservation of mechanical energy to the quantitative analysis of motion involving work done and change in kinetic energy of an object undergoing acceleration in one dimension: W = Fnet s.

Work Done By Forces 1 Work Done By Forces 2

C

61

77 79

TE T

FOCUS

Analysing Experimental Data – One Dimension

C C

TE T

FOCUS

Force-Displacement Graphs 1

80

50

Force-Displacement Graphs 2

82

C

TE T

FOCUS

TE T

FOCUS

Investigate the relationship and analyse information obtained from graphical representations of force versus distance.

49

Conduct investigations over a range of mechanical processes to analyse qualitatively and quantitatively the concept of average power: P = E_ , P = Fv, including uniformly

51

Power 1

C

TE T

FOCUS

109

63

Colliding Objects 2

111

64

Colliding Objects 3

112

65

Colliding Objects 4

113

C

84

52

Gravitational Potential Energy

86

53

Energy Transformations Near the Earth’s Surface 88

TE T

FOCUS

C

67

TE T

FOCUS

Use Newton’s laws of motion and in particular the third law to describe static and dynamic interactions between two or more objects and the changes that occur resulting from a force mediated by fields.

Conduct an investigation to describe and analyse two-dimensional interactions of objects in closed systems.

Analysing Experimental Data – Two Dimensions

TE T

FOCUS

114

Quantitatively analyse and predict, using the laws of conservation of momentum: ∑mvbefore = ∑mvafter the results of interactions in collisions (two dimensions).

Collisions In Two Dimensions

C C

Quantitatively analyse and predict, using the laws of conservation of momentum: ∑mvbefore = ∑mvafter the results of interactions in collisions (one dimension).

Colliding Objects 1

66

Apply the law of conservation of mechanical energy to the quantitative analysis of motion involving changes in gravitational potential energy of an object in a uniform field: ΔU = mgΔh.

108

62

t

accelerated motion and work done against air resistance, rolling resistance and friction.

Conduct an investigation to describe and analyse one-dimensional interactions of objects in closed systems.

TE T

FOCUS

115

Investigate the relationship and analyse information obtained from graphical representations of force versus time.

68

Force-Time Graphs

117

69

Force and Time In Collisions

120

54

Horizontal Blocks In Contact

90

55

Masses Connected By Strings – Horizontal Surfaces

93

56

Masses Connected Over Pulleys

96

Analyse and compare the kinetic energy of elastic and inelastic collisions. Quantitatively analyse and predict, using the laws of conservation of momentum: ∑mvbefore = ∑mvafter and kinetic energy:

57

Masses Connected By Vertical Strings

99

∑ 1_ mv2before = ∑_ mv2after the results of

C

TE T

FOCUS

2

1 2

interactions in elastic collisions.

C

TE T

FOCUS

Conduct investigations over a range of mechanical processes to analyse qualitatively and quantitatively the concept of average power P = E_ , P = Fv , including t

objects raised against the force of gravity.

58

Power 2

C

TE T

FOCUS

101 Investigate the effects of forces involved in collisions and other interactions and analyse the interactions quantitatively using the concept of impulse: Δp = FΔt.

59

Impulse and Momentum

103

60

Momentum and Road Safety

106

Science Press

Surfing NSW Physics Modules 1 and 2

70

Elastic and Inelastic Collisions

121

Topic Test

125

Answers

138

Data Sheet Formula Sheet

173 174

Periodic Table

175

Index

176

MODULE 1 KINEMATICS MODULE 2 DYNAMICS

v

Introduction This book covers the Physics content specified in the NSW Physics Stage 6 Sllabus. Sample data has been included for suggested experiments to give you practice to reinforce practical work in class. Each book in the Surfing series contains a summary, with occasional more detailed sections, of all the mandatory parts of the syllabus, along with questions and answers. All types of questions – multiple choice, short response, structured response and free response – are provided. Questions are written in exam style so that you will become familiar with the concepts of the topic and answering questions in the required way. Answers to all questions are included. A topic test at the end of the book contains an extensive set of summary questions. These cover every aspect of the topic, and are useful for revision and exam practice.

Words To Watch account, account for State reasons for, report on, give an account of, narrate a series of events or transactions.

explain Make something clear or easy to understand.

analyse Interpret data to reach conclusions.

extrapolate Infer from what is known.

annotate Add brief notes to a diagram or graph. apply Put to use in a particular situation.

hypothesise Suggest an explanation for a group of facts or phenomena.

assess Make a judgement about the value of something.

identify Recognise and name.

calculate Find a numerical answer.

interpret Draw meaning from.

clarify Make clear or plain.

investigate Plan, inquire into and draw conclusions about.

classify Arrange into classes, groups or categories.

extract Choose relevant and/or appropriate details.

comment Give a judgement based on a given statement or result of a calculation.

justify Support an argument or conclusion.

compare Estimate, measure or note how things are similar or different.

list Give a sequence of names or other brief answers.

construct Represent or develop in graphical form. contrast Show how things are different or opposite.

label Add labels to a diagram. measure Find a value for a quantity. outline Give a brief account or summary.

create Originate or bring into existence.

plan Use strategies to develop a series of steps or processes.

deduce Reach a conclusion from given information.

predict Give an expected result.

define Give the precise meaning of a word, phrase or physical quantity. demonstrate Show by example. derive Manipulate a mathematical relationship(s) to give a new equation or relationship. describe Give a detailed account.

propose Put forward a plan or suggestion for consideration or action. recall Present remembered ideas, facts or experiences. relate Tell or report about happenings, events or circumstances.

design Produce a plan, simulation or model.

represent Use words, images or symbols to convey meaning.

determine Find the only possible answer.

select Choose in preference to another or others.

discuss Talk or write about a topic, taking into account different issues or ideas.

sequence Arrange in order.

distinguish Give differences between two or more different items.

sketch Make a quick, rough drawing of something.

show Give the steps in a calculation or derivation.

draw Represent by means of pencil lines.

solve Work out the answer to a problem.

estimate Find an approximate value for an unknown quantity.

state Give a specific name, value or other brief answer.

evaluate Assess the implications and limitations.

summarise Give a brief statement of the main points.

examine Inquire into.

synthesise Combine various elements to make a whole.

vi

MODULE 1 KINEMATICS MODULE 2 DYNAMICS

suggest Put forward an idea for consideration.

Science Press

Surfing NSW Physics Modules 1 and 2

NSW PHYSICS &

12

Module 1

KINEMATICS C

TE T

FOCUS

In this module you will: •

Investigate aspects of kinematics, by describing, measuring and analysing motion without considering the forces and the masses involved in that motion.

•

Explore uniformly accelerated motion in terms of relationships between measurable scalar and vector quantities, including displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration and time.

•

Describe linear motion and predicted motion both qualitatively and quantitatively using graphs and vectors, and the equations of motion.

•

Understand that scientific knowledge can enable scientists to offer valid explanations and make reliable predictions, particularly in regard to the motion of an object.

•

Engage with all the Working Scientifically skills for practical investigations involving the focus content to examine trends in data and to solve problems related to kinematics.

Science Press

Surfing NSW Physics Modules 1 and 2

MODULE 1 KINEMATICS MODULE 2 DYNAMICS

1

C 1

TE T FOCUS

Describe uniform straight line (rectilinear) motion and uniformly accelerated motion through qualitative descriptions.

Distance and Displacemen...