Syntax 3 Phrase Structure Rules, Verbs, Trees PDF

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Prof. Curtis...

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Verbs

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Verb Syntax

Tree Diagrams

words that express actions, events, or states ○ e.g. go, dance, exist, etc. active verbs ○ eat, hit, talk, think ○ allow progressive: is [x]ing stative verbs ○ resemble, have, exist, like, be ○ doesn’t allow progressive (say “I resemble” rather than “I am resembling”) 3 syntactic classes of verb ○ lexical verbs ■ “main verb” of sentence/predicate (semantics) ■ head of predicate verb phrase (syntax) ■ open-class (there are many, can make new ones) (morphology) ○ modal verbs ■ can, could, shall, should, will, would, must, may, might ■ possibility, capability, permissions, recommendation, obligation (semantics) ■ closed class; no inflection (morphology) ○ auxiliary verbs ■ have, be, do ■ do modify the base (have, has, had) (morphology) ■ auxiliary verbs when used w/ a lexical verb; to indicate aspect (semantics) ■ have, be, and do can also be main/lexical verbs ■ come before main verb ■ up to 2 in row ■ 1st aux. verb conjugates for tense/subject-person ■ following verb conj. for aspect (-en or -ing)

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order: modal, aux., lexical add past tense on first verb unless it’s modal (then no tense)

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identify and model constituents of the sent. id. all parts of speech (bottom-up) id. subject noun phrase and predicate verb phrase (top-down) id. phrases (& check via substitution, fragment)...