T1M1 - Lecture notes 1 PDF

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Eukaryotic cells: organism whose cells contain nuclei and many membrane-bound organelles ○ Earliest eukaryotes were likely single-celled organisms with organelles ○ Organelles are membrane bound structures inside the cell ■ Mitochondria are organelles that synthesize energy Prokaryotic cells: Unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus and have few to no organelles Both types of cells share a common ancestor ○ Prokaryotes are older

>Evolution of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria ● Chloroplasts: ○ We depend on photosynthesis of plant cells to provide carbohydrates/energy in our food ■ Photosynthesis: a process that converts light to energy. This chemical energy is stored in bonds of carbohydrate molecules. ○ Has two membranes ○ The stroma is the fluid ○ The granum is the stack of coin like thylakoids (connected by thylakoid membranes) ■ Thylakoids are where the pigments and enzymes participate in photosynthesis ○ May have evolved from photosynthetic cyanobacteria ● Mitochondria: ○ Mitochondria produce chemical energy (in the form of ATP) through cellular respiration and the breakdown of sugars ●...