TB2 Chapter 4 Nature Nurture and Human Diversity PDF

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As members of the human family, we all share a common A) temperament. B) epigenetic mark. C) biological heritage. D) cultural background. Ans: C Behavior geneticists are most interested in assessing the extent to which heredity and environment contribute to our A) shared human genome. B) epigenetic ...

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1. As members of the human family, we all share a common A) temperament. B) epigenetic mark. C) biological heritage. D) cultural background. Ans: C

2. Behavior geneticists are most interested in assessing the extent to which heredity and environment contribute to our A) shared human genome. B) epigenetic marks. C) reproductive capacities. D) individual differences. Ans: D

3. Assessing the relative effects of nature and nurture on individual differences in personality would be of most direct interest to A) evolutionary psychologists. B) molecular geneticists. C) behavior geneticists. D) Freudian psychologists. Ans: C

4. People's reactions to our genetically influenced traits constitute part of our A) temperament. B) environment. C) genome. D) heritability. Ans: B

5. External influences on development such as social support are said to constitute our A) genome. B) epigenetic marks. C) environment. D) temperament. Ans: C

6. The impact of a mother's healthy food consumption on the prenatal development of her offspring best illustrates A) heritability. B) a reactive temperament. Page 1

C) D) Ans:

environmental influence. an epigenetic mark. C

7. The threadlike structures that contain genes are called A) organic methyl molecules. B) epigenetic marks. C) chromosomes. D) genomes. Ans: C

8. Chromosomes are located within human A) bone cells. B) genes. C) neurotransmitters. D) DNA. Ans: A

9. A gene is a small segment of a(n) A) synapse. B) neurotransmitter. C) DNA molecule. D) epigenetic mark. Ans: C

10. Genes provide the code for the production of A) shared family environments. B) proteins. C) heritability estimates. D) genomes. Ans: B

11. The nucleus of each cell of your body contains A) DNA molecules. B) chromosomes. C) genes. D) all of these elements. Ans: D

12. The complete set of genetic instructions in an organism's chromosomes is called the Page 2

A) B) C) D) Ans:

heritability index. DNA molecule. genome. epigenetic mark. C

13. Our genetic predispositions help to explain A) our shared human nature but not our human diversity. B) our human diversity but not our shared human nature. C) neither our shared human nature nor our human diversity. D) both our shared human nature and our human diversity. Ans: D

14. Unlike fraternal twins, identical twins are described as A) extraverted. B) dizygotic. C) epigenetic. D) monozygotic. Ans: D

15. Twin brothers or twin sisters who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two are called ________ twins. A) fraternal B) identical C) epigenetic D) dizygotic Ans: B

16. For every three sets of identical twins, one pair is likely to have A) two different genomes. B) two separate placentas. C) an extra set of chromosomes. D) only one sex chromosome. Ans: B

17. Twin studies most clearly indicate that ________ exert(s) a strong influence on the development of our unique personality traits. A) prenatal genetic testing B) shared family environments C) free-floating stress hormones D) person-to-person genetic variations Page 3

Ans:

D

18. Matt becomes emotionally upset frequently and quickly. Matt's reactions most clearly illustrate A) extraversion. B) neuroticism. C) an epigenetic mark. D) high serotonin levels. Ans: B

19. Fraternal twins originate from the fertilization of A) a single egg cell by a single sperm cell. B) two egg cells by a single sperm cell. C) a single egg cell by two sperm cells. D) two egg cells by two sperm cells. Ans: D

20. Compared with identical twins, fraternal twins are A) more likely to be the same sex and more likely to be similar in extraversion. B) more likely to be the same sex and less likely to be similar in extraversion. C) less likely to be the same sex and less likely to be similar in extraversion. D) less likely to be the same sex and equally likely to be similar in extraversion. Ans: C

21. Genetic influences on personality traits are most clearly highlighted by comparing ________ with ________. A) identical twins raised together; identical twins raised apart B) fraternal twins raised together; identical twins raised apart C) identical twins raised together; fraternal twins raised together D) fraternal twins raised apart; identical twins raised together Ans: C

22. Identical twins reared apart have ________ similar personalities than identical twins reared together and ________ similar personalities than fraternal twins reared apart. A) more; more B) less; less C) more; less D) less; more Ans: D

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23. Studies of identical twins who had been reared apart have most clearly increased scientific appreciation for the impact of ________ on personality development. A) gender B) epigenetic marks C) shared family environments D) genetic influences Ans: D

24. The best reason to be cautious about attributing all the personality similarities of separately raised identical twins to shared genes is that A) home environments have less impact on personality than does peer pressure. B) similar appearances often evoke similar responses from others. C) infant temperaments have a strong impact on personality development. D) adopted children's personalities are highly similar to those of their adoptive parents. Ans: B

25. Identical twins separated at birth and raised in completely different cultures would be most likely to have similar A) epigenetic marks. B) religious beliefs. C) temperaments. D) political views. Ans: C

26. Adoptive parents are most likely to influence the ________ of their adopted children. A) political attitudes B) genome C) extraversion D) temperament Ans: A

27. Adopted children grow up to be A) more self-giving than average. B) less psychologically disordered than average. C) more extraverted than average. D) less confused about their identity than average. Ans: A

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28. Our characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity is known as our A) heritability. B) genome. C) temperament. D) epigenetic mark. Ans: C

29. Enduring behavioral traits such as social anxiety or impulsivity are first evident in our differing A) temperaments. B) heritability estimates. C) epigenetic marks. D) shared family environments. Ans: A

30. Lynnae is usually shy, whereas her sister Eileen is typically outgoing. The two sisters are most strikingly different in their A) adaptive capacity. B) epigenetic marks. C) temperament. D) physical health. Ans: C

31. In one study of more than 900 New Zealanders, emotionally reactive and impulsive 3year-olds developed into somewhat more impulsive and conflict-prone 21-year-olds. This best illustrates the long-term stability of A) temperament. B) adaptive capacity. C) epigenetic marks. D) shared family environments. Ans: A

32. Infants with an anxious and inhibited temperament have heart rates that tend to be relatively A) low and variable. B) high and variable. C) low and invariable. D) high and invariable. Ans: B

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33. Those who inappropriately attribute children's troubling personality traits to inadequate parental nurture should most clearly be reminded of the importance of A) our shared human nature. B) the persistence of temperament. C) Freudian psychology. D) the shared family environment. Ans: B

34. Behavior geneticists are most likely to use twin and adoption studies to assess A) epigenetic marks. B) trait heritability. C) reproductive capacity. D) brain injuries. Ans: B

35. A researcher who assesses the heritability of intelligence is most likely a(n) A) molecular geneticist. B) evolutionary psychologist. C) behavior geneticist. D) Freudian psychologist. Ans: C

36. The heritability of a specific trait will be lowest among genetically similar individuals who have been raised in similar environments. genetically similar individuals who have been raised in dissimilar environments. genetically dissimilar individuals who have been raised in similar environments. genetically dissimilar individuals who have been raised in dissimilar environments. Ans: B A) B) C) D)

37. Today's adults are taller and heavier than those of a century ago. The differences between these generational groups are best attributed to differences in A) genetics. B) nutrition. C) temperament. D) epigenetic molecules. Ans: B

38. Some genetically influenced traits are expressed in some environments but not in others. This best illustrates the ________ of genes and environments.

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A) B) C) D) Ans:

heritability temperament reactivity interaction D

39. The diversity of human traits is most clearly enabled by our shared A) moral values. B) temperament. C) epigenetic molecules. D) adaptive capacity. Ans: D

40. Molecular geneticists would be most directly interested in identifying the structure and function of specific A) heritability estimates. B) neurotransmitter molecules. C) chromosome segments. D) free-floating stress hormones. Ans: C

41. Locating some of the many genes that together with particular life experiences orchestrate complex traits such as impulsiveness is one of the major goals of A) epigenetics. B) evolutionary psychology. C) molecular behavior genetics. D) prenatal genetic testing. Ans: C

42. Professor Olstrum's research involves assessing the interactive impact of particular DNA segments and stressful life experiences on the development of bipolar disorder. His work best illustrates the specialty area known as A) heritability studies. B) Freudian psychology. C) evolutionary psychology. D) molecular behavior genetics. Ans: D

43. The impact of genes on observable traits can vary in different environments. Thus, genes are said to be

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A) B) C) D) Ans:

free-floating. dizygotic. self-regulating. epigenetic. C

44. Epigenetics is the study of environmental influences on ________ that occur without a DNA change. A) temperament B) heritability C) gene expression D) stress hormones Ans: C

45. Diet and stress can affect the ________ that regulate gene expression. A) neurotransmitters B) temperaments C) epigenetic molecules D) heritability estimates Ans: C

46. Which of the following would likely prevent DNA from producing the proteins coded by a gene? A) epigenetic molecules B) neurotransmitters C) the human genome D) sex chromosomes Ans: A

47. Prenatal genetic testing enabled Kelly and Mark to prepare effectively for the future educational needs of their unborn child, who is genetically vulnerable to developing specific learning disorder. The parents' experience illustrates one of the benefits linked most closely to the development of A) epigenetic marks. B) heritability estimates. C) evolutionary psychology. D) molecular genetics. Ans: D

48. Selecting embryos that are most closely linked to the future development of highly

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A) B) C) D) Ans:

valued personality traits such as cheerfulness or friendliness is a possibility most closely linked with the development of epigenetics. evolutionary psychology. prenatal genetic testing. self-regulating genes. C

49. The study of how our behavior and mind have changed in adaptive ways over time due to natural selection is called A) social learning theory. B) evolutionary psychology. C) cross-cultural psychology. D) genome research. Ans: B

50. Charles Darwin advanced the principle of A) universal moral grammar. B) social scripts. C) sexual overperception bias. D) natural selection. Ans: D

51. Evolutionary psychologists most clearly emphasize that environmentally adaptive behaviors are those that have promoted A) reproductive success. B) personal happiness. C) cultural diversity. D) social scripts. Ans: A

52. Evolutionary psychologists are most directly concerned with the impact of ________ on behavior. A) social scripts B) a sexual overperception bias C) genetic predispositions D) domestication Ans: C

53. If a genetic predisposition to fear darkness contributes to reproductive success, that trait

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A) B) C) D) Ans:

will likely be passed on to subsequent generations. This best illustrates a sexual overperception bias. a mutation. social learning theory. natural selection. D

54. Evolutionary psychology would be most helpful for understanding the ________ human aggression. A) social causes of B) reproductive advantages of C) cross-cultural variations of D) remedial treatments of Ans: B

55. To produce sheepdogs that become very adept at sheepherding, dog breeders have been most likely to make use of A) gene splicing. B) a sexual overperception bias. C) selective mating. D) epigenetic marks. Ans: C

56. Mutations result from random errors in A) brain development. B) gene replication. C) natural selection. D) neural transmission. Ans: B

57. Early women who were genetically predisposed to avoid bitter-tasting foods, especially when experiencing nausea during pregnancy, were most likely to survive and contribute their genetically based predispositions to later generations. This best illustrates A) a social script. B) natural selection. C) male-female differences in mating preferences. D) a sexual overperception bias. Ans: B

58. Evolutionary psychologists are most likely to suggest that “a universal moral grammar”

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A) B) C) D) Ans:

arises from our shared human genome. social scripts. food shortages. taste preferences. A

59. Evolutionary psychology would be most likely to suggest that human preferences for sweets and fats in fast-food outlets A) illustrate a universal moral grammar. B) are genetically predisposed. C) vary widely between males and females. D) are triggered by a sexual overperception bias. Ans: B

60. The principles of evolutionary psychology would suggest that parents are genetically predisposed to experience the strongest grief over the deaths of their A) infant sons. B) infant daughters. C) adolescent sons. D) adolescent daughters. Ans: C

61. George and Sally, both in their 20s, have an exclusive sexual relationship. Research suggests that ________ is the one who is most likely to initiate more sexual activity and that ________ is the one who is most likely to think more about sex. A) George; Sally B) Sally; George C) George; George D) Sally; Sally Ans: C

62. Gay male couples report having sex ________ often than do lesbian couples; in Vermont and Massachusetts, men were ________ likely than women to secure same-sex legal partnerships when these first became available. A) more; less B) less; more C) more; more D) less; less Ans: A

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63. Compared with women, men are more likely to A) report low levels of marital satisfaction. B) smile at members of the opposite sex. C) misperceive simple friendliness as a sexual come-on. D) attribute their first sexual intercourse to feelings of affection. Ans: C

64. Suppose that men leave their wives to marry other women more frequently than wives leave their husbands to marry other men. Evolutionary psychologists would be most likely to explain this in terms of sex differences in A) social scripts. B) reproductive capacity. C) income level. D) body size. Ans: B

65. Heterosexual women are most attracted to tall men with slim waists and broad shoulders. Evolutionary psychology most clearly attributes this preference to the fact that these physical characteristics are associated with A) a universal moral grammar. B) a sexual overperception bias. C) reproductive success. D) genetic mutations. Ans: C

66. Ginger wants to marry someone who will provide financial security for her children tobe. Evolutionary psychologists would most likely attribute Ginger's motivation to A) a sexual overperception bias. B) a genetic predisposition. C) social scripts. D) fear of infertility. Ans: B

67. Professor Archibald suggests that men are more likely than women to initiate casual sex because this has historically served to be a more successful reproductive strategy for men than for women. The professor's suggestion best illustrates A) social learning theory. B) an evolutionary perspective. C) moral grammar. D) Freudian theory.

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Ans:

B

68. It has been suggested that older men in all cultures tend to marry women younger than themselves because men are genetically predisposed to seek female features associated with youthful fertility. This suggestion best illustrates A) social learning theory. B) behavior genetics. C) Freudian psychology. D) an evolutionary perspective. Ans: D

69. Evolutionary psychologists would be most likely to predict that 40-year-old single men will seek to marry women who are ________ than they are. A) less physically attractive B) more sexually experienced C) younger D) more aggressive toward sexual rivals Ans: C

70. Evolutionary psychologists are most likely to be criticized for A) working backward to provide after-the-fact explanations of human mating preferences. B) overemphasizing humans' capacity to learn and adapt to a variety of environments. C) underestimating gender differences in mate selection. D) overestimating cultural differences in human sexual behaviors. Ans: A

71. Which approach is most likely to attribute gender differences in mating preferences to the impact of watching and imitating readily available social scripts? A) evolutionary psychology B) social learning theory C) behavior genetics D) Freudian psychology Ans: B

72. Most of the movies Jared watches involve uncommitted sex between acquaintances. He now tends to engage in “sex just for the fun of it—without commitment.” His behavior would best be attributed to the fact that the movies provided him with a memorable A) social script.

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B) C) D) Ans:

shared human genome. universal moral grammar. theory of behavior genetics. A

73. Critics of evolutionary psychology would be most likely to suggest that it has difficulty accounting for A) differences in the behavior patterns of males and females. B) similarities in the behavior patterns of males and females. C) differences in the behavior patterns of Asians and Americans. D) similarities in the behavior patterns of Asians and Americans. Ans: C

74. Our selective exposure to those life experiences that are best suited to our unique inborn traits best illustrates the interaction of A) DNA and proteins. B) nature and nurture. C) extraversion and agreeableness. D) genes and chromosomes. Ans: B

75. Because Marla is the first girl in her fourth-grade class to sexually mature, she is sometimes teased and rejected by her classmates. Marla's sense of social isolation and embarrassment result from the interaction of A) X and Y chromosomes. B) nature and nurture. C) gender schemas and gender identity. D) individualism and collectivism. Ans: B

76. Rosenzweig and Krech observed that rats in an enriched environment developed more ________ than did rats in an impoverished environment. A) secondary sex characteristics B) cerebral cortex C) Y chromosomes D) gender schemas Ans: B

A)

77. A stimulating environment is most likely to facilitate the development of a child's individualism.

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B) C) D) Ans:

sex chromosomes. collectivism. neural connections. D

78. Unused neural connections in the brain are reduced through a process of A) spermarche. B) gender typing. C) collectivism. D) pruning. Ans: D

79. Carlos was born with cataracts in both...