TEST 4 January 2013, questions and answers PDF

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CHAPTER 13 – LEARNING AND MEMORY 1. In Pavlov's experiments he presented a sound followed by meat. Gradually the sound came to elicit salivation. The sound in this experiment would be considered the: a. unconditioned stimulus. b. unconditioned response. c. conditioned stimulus. d. conditioned response. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 1 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning 2. In Pavlov's experiments, he presented a sound followed by meat. Gradually the sound came to elicit salivation. The meat in this experiment was the: a. unconditioned stimulus. b. unconditioned response. c. conditioned stimulus. d. conditioned response. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 1 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning 3. In Pavlov's experiments, he presented a sound followed by meat. Gradually the sound came to elicit salivation. The salivation to the meat in this experiment was the: a. unconditioned stimulus. b. unconditioned response. c. conditioned stimulus. d. conditioned response. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 1 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning 4. In Pavlov's experiments, he presented a sound followed by meat. Gradually the sound came to elicit salivation. The salivation to the sound in this experiment was the: a. unconditioned stimulus. b. unconditioned response. c. conditioned stimulus. d. conditioned response. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 1 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning 5. What should be the usual relationship between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning? a. The conditioned stimulus should be presented first. b. The unconditioned stimulus should be presented first. c. They should be presented simultaneously. d. It depends on what each stimulus is. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 1 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning 6. In operant conditioning, reinforcement is:

a. b. c. d.

any food that the organism likes. a stimulus that produces a reflexive response. an event that decreases the future probability of a response. an event that increases the future probability of a response.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 1 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning 7. Giving a dolphin a treat when it does a summersault would be considered a(n): a. reinforcement. b. punishment. c. unconditioned response. d. conditioned response. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 1 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning 8. In operant conditioning, punishment is: a. a stimulus that produces a reflexive response. b. an event that decreases the future probability of a response. c. an event that increases the future probability of a response. d. an event that prevents a response. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 1 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning MSC: www 10. Which of the following is hardest to classify as classical or operant conditioning? a. pressing a lever to get food b. pressing a lever to escape shock c. salivating after a sound previously paired with food d. song learning by male birds ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 1 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning 11. Operant conditioning is to ____ as classical conditioning is to ____. a. reinforcement; punishment b. CS; UCS c. association; consequences d. consequences; association ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 1 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning 12. Pavlov believed that classical conditioning reflected a strengthened connection between two brain areas that were activated by: a. reinforcement and punishment. b. the response and a consequence. c. the UCS and UCR. d. the CS and UCS.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 1 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning 13. In his search for the engram, Lashley was testing: a. Pavlov's view of classical conditioning. b. Skinner's view of operant conditioning. c. Garcia's view of taste aversion learning. d. Bandura's view of social learning. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 2 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning 14. Lashley's term "engram" refers to: a. a drug that facilitates learning. b. the physical representation of learning. c. a procedure that improved memory. d. an automatic response to a sensory stimulus. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 2 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning 15. Karl Lashley called the physical basis of learning a(n): a. amyloid. b. engram. c. plaque. d. synapse. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 2 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning MSC: www 16. Lashley trained rats on a variety of mazes, then made deep cuts in their cortexes. He found that the cuts produced: a. a temporary impairment. b. a permanent impairment. c. day-to-day fluctuations in performance. d. little apparent effect. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 2 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning 17. Lashley found that a deep cut in a rat's cerebral cortex completely eliminated the effects of learning under what circumstances, if any? a. if the cut was made after the learning b. if the learned task was simple c. if the learned task was complex d. under none of the circumstances he studied ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 2 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning

18. Lashley found that when he removed parts of the brain: a. only the removal of frontal lobe tissue disrupted performance. b. only the removal of parietal lobe tissue disrupted performance. c. the amount of tissue removed was more important than its location. d. he found no loss of memories at all. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 2 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning 19. "All parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex behaviors such as learning" defines: a. operant conditioning. b. classical conditioning. c. equipotentiality. d. mass action. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 2 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning 20. The cortex works as a whole, and the more cortex the better, defines: a. operant conditioning. b. classical conditioning. c. equipotentiality. d. mass action. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 2 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning 21. Recent researchers have felt that Lashley's conclusions about the results of his search for the engram reflected some inappropriate assumptions. One of those assumptions was that: A memory involves a physical change in the nervous system. B all kinds of memory are physiologically the same. C more than one kind of memory exists. D different memories change different sets of neurons. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 2 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning KEY: NEW 22. Recent researchers have felt that Lashley's conclusions about the results of his search for the engram reflected some inappropriate assumptions. One of those assumptions was that: a. memory involves a physical change in the nervous system. b. that all kinds of memory are physiologically the same. c. more than one kind of memory exists. d. different memories involve different sets of neurons. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 2 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning KEY: NEW 23. Which of the following is one of the reasons that Lashley failed at finding the engram? a. He used poor surgical methods. b. Some memories do not depend on the cortex. c. The engram is continually changing location in the cortex. d. Classical conditioning had not been discovered yet.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 2 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning 24. Which of the following is one of the reasons that Lashley failed at finding the engram? a. He used poor surgical methods. b. Not all memories are physiologically the same. c. The engram is continually changing location in the cortex. d. Classical conditioning had not been discovered yet. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 2 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning

25. Lashley's conclusions from his engram research were based on certain unnecessary assumptions, which later psychologists have discarded. One of those assumptions was that the: A cerebral cortex is the best or only place to search for an engram. B left hemisphere of the brain is simply the mirror image of the right hemisphere. C physiological mechanisms of learning in rats are similar to those in humans. D hippocampus is more important for storage than it is for retrieval. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 2 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning KEY: NEW 26. Lashley's conclusions from his engram research were based on certain unnecessary assumptions, which later psychologists have discarded. One of those assumptions was that the: a. brain treats all kinds of memory the same way. b. left hemisphere of the brain is simply the mirror image of the right hemisphere. c. physiological mechanisms of learning in rats are similar to those in humans. d. hippocampus is more important for storage than it is for retrieval. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: 376 OBJ: 2 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning - Localized Representations 27. In studies that paired a tone with an air puff to the cornea of rabbits, learning was found to depend on one nucleus of the: a. cerebellum. b. hypothalamus. c. thalamus. d. hippocampus. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 2 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning MSC: www 28. In studies of eyelid conditioning in rabbits, Thompson and his colleagues have demonstrated that learning for this conditioned response takes place in the: a. red nucleus of the midbrain. b. temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex. c. lateral interpositus nucleus of the cerebellum. d. ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 2 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning

29. While studying classical conditioning of the eyelid response in rabbits, investigators suppress the activity of the red nucleus. What results will occur? A That procedure will not interfere with learning. B Learning will not occur. C The response will not occur, but later testing will reveal that learning occurred. D The rabbit will show immediate evidence of learning, but it will forget rapidly.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 2 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning 30. Research indicates that the red nucleus is necessary for: a. the learning of a conditioned response. b. the performance of a conditioned response. c. the learning AND performance of a conditioned response. d. suppression of the conditioned response. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 2 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning MSC: www 31. Preventing learning is to ____ as suppressing a response is to ____. a. classical conditioning; operant conditioning b. operant conditioning; classical conditioning c. the red nucleus; the lateral interpositus nucleus d. the lateral interpositus nucleus; the red nucleus ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 2 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning 32. Thompson identified one nucleus of the cerebellum, the ____, as essential for learning. a. anterior nucleus b. fastigial nucleus c. red nucleus d. lateral interpositus nucleus ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 2 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning 33. If the lateral interpositus nucleus is temporarily suppressed during classical conditioning of the eyeblink response, what happens? A After the nucleus recovers, the animal remembers the training fully. B Future conditioning occurs as if the animal had no previous training. C After the nucleus recovers, the animal learns more slowly than usual. D Future conditioning occurs rapidly, but the animal also forgets rapidly.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 2 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning 34. The cerebellum's role in memories may be limited to what kind of learning or memory?

a. b. c. d.

language learning imprinting classical conditioning operant conditioning

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 2 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning 35. A person with damage to their cerebellum may experience several problems, including: a. poor eyesight. b. inability to be classically conditioned. c. weakened conditioned eye blinks. d. exaggerated eye blinking. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Localized Representations of Memory OBJ: 2 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning 36. Donald Hebb (1949) distinguished between two types of memory that he called A implicit and explicit. B declarative and procedural. C short-term and long-term. D repressed and unrepressed.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: 377 OBJ: 3 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning - Types of Memory KEY: NEW 37. Short-term memory may be characterized as: a. having a limited capacity. b. having an unlimited capacity. c. elaborative in nature. d. rehearsal free. ANS: A OBJ: 3

PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Types of Memory TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning

38. Hebb believed that short-term memory: a. should not be distinguished from long-term memory. b. was a temporary holding station on the way to long-term memory. c. was more important than long-term memory. d. was low-level memory. ANS: B OBJ: 3

PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Types of Memory TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning

40. Donald Hebb distinguished between two kinds of memory because he could not imagine how a single kind of brain change could be both: A axonal and synaptic. B cognitive and muscular. C positive and negative. D quick and permanent.

ANS: D OBJ: 3

PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Types of Memory TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning KEY: NEW

41. Researchers proposed that all information initially entered a short-term storage, where it stayed until the brain had time to ____ it into long-term memory. a. transpose b. rehearse c. consolidate d. transfer ANS: C OBJ: 3

PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Types of Memory TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning

42. The general function of working memory is to: a. hold information until it has time to get to long-term storage. b. store memories of life events permanently. c. attend to and operate on current information. d. store information related to repetitious motor movements. ANS: C OBJ: 3 MSC: www

PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Types of Memory TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning

43. According to Baddeley and Hitch, a common test of working memory is the: a. delayed response task b. reconsolidation task c. consolidation task d. working memory task ANS: A OBJ: 3

PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Types of Memory TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning

44. The delayed response task requires responding to something that you saw or heard ____. a. in the distant past b. a short while ago c. right at that time d. in a meaningful way ANS: B

PTS: 1

DIF:

factual

REF: 379

OBJ: 3 TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning - Types of Memory

KEY: NEW

45. Which brain area is active in monkeys during a delay when they have to remember the location of a light and look there only after a several-second delay? a. cerebellum b. the prefrontal cortex c. the occipital lobes d. ventromedial hypothalamus ANS: B OBJ: 3 KEY: NEW

PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Types of Memory TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning

46. Compared to young adults, aging humans with poor working memory have ____ activity in the prefrontal cortex and aging humans with intact working memory have ____ activity in the prefrontal cortex. a. decreased, decreased b. increased, increased c. increased, decreased d. decreased, increased ANS: D OBJ: 3

PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Types of Memory TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning

47. Which of the following drug types is most promising for treating people with failing memory? a. Tranquilizers b. Endorphins c. Depressants d. Stimulants ANS: D OBJ: 3 KEY: NEW

PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Types of Memory TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning MSC: www

48. Studies on ____ help clarify the distinctions among different kinds of memory and enable us to explore the mechanisms of memory. a. dementia b. amnesia c. epilepsy d. stroke ANS: B OBJ: 4

PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Hippocampus TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning

49. One would most accurately describe H.M.'s memory problems as the inability to form: A short-term memories. B new implicit memories. C new episodic memories. D new procedural memories. ANS: C OBJ: 4

PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Hippocampus TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning KEY: NEW

50. The patient H.M. suffered severe memory disorders following a surgical operation that removed the: a. corpus callosum.

b. hippocampus. c. lateral interpositus nucleus and hypothalamus. d. prefrontal cortex and dorsomedial thalamus. ANS: B OBJ: 4

PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Hippocampus TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning

51. Anterograde amnesia is to ____ as retrograde amnesia is to ____. a. storing new memories; memories of the past b. memories just prior to the damage; memories from childhood c. short-term memory; long-term memory d. emotional memories; non-emotional memories ANS: A OBJ: 4

PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Hippocampus TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning

52. Retrograde amnesia is to ____ as anterograde amnesia is to ____. a. temporary loss of memory; permanent loss of memory b. loss of short-term memory; loss of long-term memory c. inability to form new memories; loss of memory for old events d. loss of memory for old events; inability to form new memories ANS: D OBJ: 4

PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Hippocampus TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning

53. The inability to form memories for events that happened after brain damage is a characteristic of ____ amnesia. a. retrograde b. anterograde c. proactive d. procedural ANS: B OBJ: 4

PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Hippocampus TOP: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning

54. Forgetting events prior to the time of brain damage is a characteristic of ____ amnesia. a. retrograde b. anterograde c. proactive d. procedural...