Test Bank Psychology Around Us 2nd Edition - Comer - ch04 PDF

Preview

Summary

Download Test Bank Psychology Around Us 2nd Edition - Comer - ch04 PDF

Description

Chapter: Chapter 04: Neuroscience

Multiple Choice

1. What technological advance allows scientists to study brain activity in healthy, awake humans? a) neuroimaging b) lesioning c) autopsy d) psychoanalysis Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Lesioning refers to damaging the brain. Feedback C: Autopsy occurs with a deceased participant. Feedback D: This is a method of therapy. Section Ref: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and function. Difficulty: Easy

True/False

2. Past researchers avoided analyzing the brain largely for technical reasons. Ans: True Section Ref: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and function. Difficulty: Easy

Fill-in-the-blank

3. An __________ measures brain wave activity from the surface of the scalp.

Ans: electroencephalogram Section Ref: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and function. Difficulty: Medium

Short Answer

4. What type of scientists study brain functionality by investigating patients with brain damage? Ans: Neuropsychologists Section Ref: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and function. Difficulty: Hard

Multiple Choice 6. Which of the following brain study techniques cannot be used to investigate the human brain? a) lesioning b) EEGs c) autopsy examination d) the study of brain damage Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect. Electrical activity can be recorded from the human scalp. Researchers cannot destroy, or lesion, parts of the human brain. Feedback C: Incorrect. Human brains can be examined during autopsies. Researchers cannot destroy, or lesion, parts of the human brain. Feedback D: Incorrect. Human brain damage patients can be studied. Researchers cannot destroy, or lesion, parts of the human brain. Section Ref: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Which of the following brain study techniques is CORRECTLY matched with a disadvantage? a) examining cases of brain damage -- tells little about how brain systems work while in use b) autopsy study – cannot be used to investigate the human brain c) EEG – only provides a summary of activity over a large area of tissue d) lesioning – may not reflect the activity of the intact brain Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect. The primary disadvantage of the study of brain damage is that it may not provide an accurate indication of the functioning of the intact brain. Feedback B: Incorrect. The main disadvantage of autopsy studies is that they tell us little about how the brain works while it is alive and in use. Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect. The primary disadvantage of lesioning is that it cannot be used to study the human brain. Section Ref: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Which of the following brain study techniques is CORRECTLY matched with a description? a) EEG – detects uptake of certain molecules in the brain b) EEG – detects changes in blood flow in the brain c) PET – detects uptake of certain molecules in the brain d) fMRI – records brain’s electrical activity from the scalp Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect. EEGs record the brain’s electrical activity from the scalp. PET scans detect the uptake of certain molecules in the brain. Feedback B: Incorrect. EEGs record the brain’s electrical activity from the scalp. fMRI detects changes in blood flow in the brain. Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect. fMRI detects changes in blood flow in the brain. EEGs record the brain’s electrical activity from the scalp. Section Ref: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Difficulty Level: Medium

Pet scans and fMri enable researchers to ______.

a) damage specific regions of the brain b) see what parts of the brain are active during certain tasks c) measure hormone levels d) determine which parts of the brain are shaped by genetics and which parts are shaped by environmental experience. Ans: b Feedback A: Pet scans and fMri enable researchers to see what parts of the brain are active during certain tasks. Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Pet scans and fMri enable researchers to see what parts of the brain are active during certain tasks. Feedback D: Pet scans and fMri enable researchers to see what parts of the brain are active during certain tasks. Section Ref: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Difficulty Level: Medium Dr. Aquinas wants to investigate which areas of the brain are activated when people must make quick decisions under stressful circumstances. Which neuroimaging technique should she use in her study? a) fMRi b) cardiogram c) x-rays d) electroconvulsive therapy Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Dr. Aquinas should use the fMRi technique because she is interested in which regions of the brain become activated during stressful experiences. Feedback C: Dr. Aquinas should use the fMRi technique because she is interested in which regions of the brain become activated during stressful experiences. Feedback D: Dr. Aquinas should use the fMRi technique because she is interested in which regions of the brain become activated during stressful experiences. Section Ref: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Difficulty Level: Hard

What region of the brain is activated when we have to make a decision that is particularly difficult? a) The occipital lobe b) The corpus callosum c) The anterior cigulate d) The hypothalamus

Ans: c Feedback A: When we must make a difficult decision, the anterior cigulate is activated. Feedback B: When we must make a difficult decision, the anterior cigulate is activated. Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: When we must make a difficult decision, the anterior cigulate is activated. Section Ref: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Difficulty Level: Medium What region of the brain is activated when we process information about pain? a) The occipital lobe b) The corpus callosum c) The anterior cigulate d) The hippocampus Ans: c Feedback A: The occipital lobe processes information about vision not pain. Feedback B: The corpus callosum is the thick band of fibers that connects the right and left hemispheres. Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: The hippocampus plays an important role in memory, not in processing information about pain. Section Ref: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Difficulty Level: Hard

Fill-in-the-blank The _______ is involved in decision-making and processing information about pain. Ans: anterior cigulate Section Ref: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Difficulty: Medium True-False The anterior cigulate is located in the ______. a) occipital lobe b) temporal lobe c) parietal lobe d) frontal lobe Ans: d

Feedback A: The anterior cigulate is located in the front lobe not the occipital lobe. Feedback B: The anterior cigulate is located in the front lobe not the temporal lobe. Feedback C: The anterior cigulate is located in the front lobe not the parietal lobe. Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Difficulty: Hard

9. Which of the following is identified as a neuroimaging technique in your text? a) autopsy study b) EEGs c) lesioning d) PET Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect. Autopsy study is not a brain imaging technique. PET is a neuroimaging method. Feedback B: Incorrect. Recording EEGs is not a brain imaging technique. PET is a neuroimaging method. Feedback C: Incorrect. Lesioning is not a brain imaging technique. PET is a neuroimaging method. Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Difficulty Level: Easy Essay Is there a neurological explanation for why we often find making a choice under doubtful circumstances to be emotionally difficult? Ans: When we are forced to make decisions under unsure circumstances, the anterior cigulate is activated. Since the anterior cigulate is also involved in processing information about pain, it is not surprising that we often find making a choice under doubtful circumstances to be emotionally difficult. Section Ref: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Difficulty: Medium

Essay Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system, and explain how communication in the nervous system works. And: The nervous system is made of of neurons and glia cells. Neurons are connected to other

neurons, thus forming a neural network. Neurons communicate with one another through electrochemical events. A sudden change in the electrical charge of an axon (action potential) causes it to release a neurotransmitter that can be received by other neurons. Section Ref: How Does the Nervous System Work? Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system, and explain how communication in the nervous system works. Difficulty: Hard 10. What is the fundamental unit of the nervous system? a) neuron b) glia c) axon d) nuclei Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Non-neuronal cells that support neural activity Feedback C: Carry information away from the cell body Feedback D: Term for more than one nucleus Section Ref: How Does the Nervous System Work? Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system, and explain how communication in the nervous system works. Difficulty: Easy

Fill-in-the-blank

12. The branch-like structures that extend away from the cell body to receive impulses from other neurons are called __________. Ans: dendrites Section Ref: How Does the Nervous System Work? Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system, and explain how communication in the nervous system works. Difficulty: Easy

Short Answer

13. Approximately how many neurons are housed in the adult, human brain? Ans: Approximately 100 billion Section Ref: How Does the Nervous System Work? Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system, and explain how communication in the nervous system works. Difficulty: Hard

Essay

14. Describe how messages enter and leave a neuron. Ans: Messages are received by the dendrites then transported to the cell body for processing. From the cell body, messages leave the neuron through the axon. Section Ref: How Does the Nervous System Work? Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system, and explain how communication in the nervous system works. Difficulty: Hard

Multiple Choice

15. Which of the following is not a part of the human nervous system? a) astrocyte b) astroglia c) adrenal d) microglia Ans: c Feedback A: A category of glia Feedback B: A category of glia Feedback C: Gland that is part of the endocrine system. Feedback D: A category of glia Section Ref: How Does the Nervous System Work? Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system, and explain how communication in the nervous system works. Difficulty: Medium

True/False

16. There are a greater number of neurons than glial cells in the human nervous system. Ans: False Feedback: Glia outnumber neurons by up to a factor of 10 Section Ref: How Does the Nervous System Work? Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system, and explain how communication in the nervous system works. Difficulty: Hard

Fill-in-the-blank

17. Astroglial cells provide neurons with important growth-promoting molecules called __________. Ans: trophic factors Section Ref: How Does the Nervous System Work? Learning Objective: Name the two major types of cells in the nervous system, and describe the primary functions of each. Difficulty: Medium

Essay

19. What is the primary function of the oligodendroglia? Ans: Cells produce myelin that insulates axons from nearby neurons. This is associated with effective transfer of electrical signals down the axon. Section Ref: How Does the Nervous System Work? Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system, and explain how communication in the nervous system works. Difficulty: Hard

Multiple Choice

20. The fundamental units of the nervous system are nerve cells, called ______ a) axons b) glia c) neurons d) neurotransmitters Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect. Nerve cells are called neurons. An axon is part of a neuron. Feedback B: Incorrect. Nerve cells are called neurons. Glia are another type of cell in the nervous system. Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect. Nerve cells are called neurons. Neurotransmitters are chemicals by which neurons communicate with each other. Section Ref: How Does the Nervous System Work? Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system, and explain how communication in the nervous system works. Difficulty Level: Easy

21. The nervous system contains not only neurons, but also other cells called ___________. a) axons b) glia c) dendrites d) myelin cells Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect. Glia are the other type of cell in the nervous system. An axon is part of a neuron. Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect. Glia are the other type of cell in the nervous system. A dendrite is part of a neuron. Feedback D: Incorrect. Glia are the other type of cell in the nervous system. Myelin coats the axons of neurons; there are no “myelin cells” in the nervous system. Section Ref: How Does the Nervous System Work? Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system, and explain how communication in the nervous system works. Difficulty Level: Easy

22. According to your text, about how many neurons does the nervous system contain?

a) 1 billion b) 10 billion c) 100 billion d) 1 trillion Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect. The text states that there are 100 billion neurons, not 1 billion. Feedback B: Incorrect. The text states that there are 100 billion neurons, not 10 billion. Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect. The text states that there are 100 billion neurons, not 1 trillion. Section Ref: How Does the Nervous System Work? Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system, and explain how communication in the nervous system works. Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Which structures are especially important for communication between one neuron and another? a) axons only b) dendrites only c) axons and dendrites d) axons, dendrites, and glia Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect. Both dendrites and axons are involved in the communication between one neuron and another. Feedback B: Incorrect. Both dendrites and axons are involved in the communication between one neuron and another. Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect. Only dendrites and axons are involved in the communication between one neuron and another. Glia are not. Section Ref: How Does the Nervous System Work? Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system, and explain how communication in the nervous system works. Difficulty Level: Easy

24. Perhaps the main reason that neurons can communicate over relatively great distances within the body is the fact that neurons contain: a) a long axon b) a large cell body c) many dendrites d) a variety of neurotransmitters

Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect. Some neurons can communicate over great distances because of their long axons, not because of the size of the cell body. Feedback C: Incorrect. Some neurons can communicate over great distances because of their long axons, not because of their many dendrites. Feedback D: Incorrect. Some neurons can communicate over great distances because of their long axons, not because of the neurotransmitters they use. Section Ref: How Does the Nervous System Work? Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system, and explain how communication in the nervous system works. Difficulty Level: Medium

25. The branch-like fibers extending in clusters from the neuron’s cell body are called ________. a) axons b) nodes of Ranvier c) glia d) dendrites Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect. The branch-like fibers extending from the neuron’s cell body are called dendrites. An axon is a single long process extending from the cell body. Feedback B: Incorrect. The branch-like fibers extending from the neuron’s cell body are called dendrites. Nodes of Ranvier are unmyelinated portions of the axon. Feedback C: Incorrect. The branch-like fibers extending from the neuron’s cell body are called dendrites. Glia are other cells in the nervous system. Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: How Does the Nervous System Work? Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system, and explain how communication in the nervous system works. Difficulty Level: Easy

26. Compare your forearm, hand, and fingers to a neuron. Using such a metaphor, the dendrites are to your _________ as the axon is to your ________. a) fingers; hand b) fingers; forearm c) knuckles; hand d) knuckles; forearm Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect. Your hand is analogous to the cell body, not the axon. The axon is

analogous to your forearm. Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect. The dendrites are analogous to your fingers, not your knuckles. Your hand is analogous to the cell body, not the axon. The axon is analogous to your forearm. Feedback D: Incorrect. The dendrites are analogous to your fingers, not your knuckles. Section Ref: How Does the Nervous System Work? Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system, and explain how communication in the nervous system works. Difficulty Level: Medium

27. An axon is a(n): a) neuron’s cell body b) branch-like fiber extending in clusters from a neuron’s cell body c) support cell in the nervous system d) long, tube-like structure extending from a neuron’s cell body Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect. An axon is a long structure extending from the cell body. Feedback B: Incorrect. An axon is a long structure extending from the cell body. The branch-like fibers are dendrites. Feedback C: Incorrect. An axon is a long structure extending from the cell body. Glia are the support cells in the nervous system. Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: How Does the Nervous System Work? Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system, and explain how communication in the nervous system works. Difficulty Level: Easy

28. Dendrite is to axon as _______...