Test, questions and answers PDF

Preview

Summary

Chapter 22-26 Exam Review...

Description

American Pageant Chapters 22-26 Test Review 1. During the Industrial Revolution, what happened to family size? 2. What are the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments? 3. What was the greatest accomplishment of the Freedmen’s Bureau? 4. Who was Booker T. Washington and what did he believe? 5. What was the Knights of Labor, National Labor Union, and A F of L? Who was accepted and not accepted? What did they believe? 6. Know all about the Jim Crow Laws. 7. Who was the most affected by the Industrial Age and why? 8. Who were the big business leaders and what did they make their money in? 9. What were some of Carnegie’s philanthropic investments? 10.

What did the Black Codes do in the south?

11.

What were the major attractions for people to the cities?

12. What happened in the Indian Wars? Who were the tribes and leaders we talked about? 13.

What did outlawing the Sun Dance result in?

14.

Why did the Sioux go to war?

15.

What was the Dawes Severalty Act?

16.

Who were the Sooners and what did they do?

17.

Why were the buffalo almost exterminated?

18. What was the condition of the south after the Civil War? What were the first things freed blacks did? When did reconstruction end? 19.

Why was Boss Tweed finally jailed?

20.

Explain the Compromise of 1877.

21.

In what way did the south disenfranchise African Americans?

22. What presidents had been assassinated up to this point in history? 23.

What was unique about Grover Cleveland?

24.

Know about the Interstate Commerce Act and Commission.

25.

What two industries did the transcontinental railroad expand?

26.

What major factor spurred the Industrial Revolution?

27.

What was horizontal integration?

28.

What process helped the steel industry?

29.

What was the primary purpose of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?

30.

Why did women work outside the home in the 1890’s?

31.

Why were the captains of industry seen as such horrible people?

32.

Know all about settlement houses.

33. Why was there now such a push for public education and mandatory elementary education? 34.

Know about the art of sensational journalism and when it began.

35.

What group of people helped push for prohibition?

36.

What happened with agriculture and crops after the Civil War?

37. In agriculture after the Civil War, what did the volume of goods do verses the cost of the goods? 38.

What was the history of the Populist Party?

39.

Know about the Ku Klux Klan.

40. What were the raw materials that traveled on the railroads during early industrialization?

2

1. Family size shrunk during the Industrial Revolution. 2. 13th Amendment: freed slaves 14th Amendment: basic civil rights & citizenship 15th Amendment: ‘male suffrage’ (voting rights) (this is the first amendment with gender discrimination, which led the white women to be ‘up in arms’) 3. The greatest accomplishment of the Freedmen’s Bureau was teaching about 200,000 black how to ready using the Bible. 4. Booker T. Washington Taught black students useful trades for gaining self-respect and economic security Argued that African Americans should seek gradual equality, focus on job training, and not be too demanding From the south Advocate for African American rights Felt that they must earn respect and rights by working Founded the Tuskegee Institute—where young southern blacks could go to learn trades 5. Labor Unions were given a strong boost by the Civil War. By 1872, several hundred thousand organized workers and 32 national unions were associated with labor unions. The Knights of Labor and A F of L were the two main labor unions. Knights of Labor Founded in 1869 Secret society 1861—they sought to include all workers in one big union Workers included: skilled & unskilled workers, men & women, whites & blacks

3

Did not include non-producers Fought for an 8-hour workday 1885—membership grew to 750,000 workers Led by Terence Powderly American Federation of Labor Founded in 1886 by Samuel Comper, who was the president from 1886-1924 Association of self-governing national unions, which each kept their own independence Sought better wages, hours, and working conditions Chief weapons were walkouts and boycotts By 1900, membership was 500,000 Congress made Labor Day a legal holiday in 1894 National Labor Union Organized in 1866—lasted 6 years 600,000 members Included skilled & unskilled workers and farmers Excluded the Chinese Nominal efforts to include women and blacks Blacks then organized the Colored National Labor Union Fought for an 8-hour workday 6. Jim Crow Laws “Jim Crow Etiquette” State level legal codes of segregation Primarily in the south Enacted literacy tests and poll taxes (pay a tax to vote) Not just a written set of laws, but also a way of life

4

7. Women were the most affected by the Industrial Age No single group was more profoundly affected by this age as women More women were working outside the home The typewriter and switchboard created jobs Delayed marriages and led to smaller families 8. Big Business Leaders Andrew Carnegie Steel industry Vertical integration—combining into one organization all phases of manufacturing from mining to market Owned all aspects of the business—no middleman Philanthropy—donating/putting money to a bigger cause Gave away $350 million to help build libraries, museums, and universities Within 20 years, the US had outdistanced all foreign competitors and was pouring out more than 1/3 of the world’s supply of steel (Germany & Britain made up the other 2/3) John D. Rockefeller Oil industry By 1890, he dominated 95% of oil production with his company, Standard Oil Company Buys oil refinery Horizontal integration—allying with competitors to monopolize a market Eliminated competition using dominance tactics

5

Made his money using the pure free enterprise system (government does not regulate) Monopoly—dominating an entire industry (no competition) J.P. Morgan Banking Made money off of the depression of the 1890’s and drove into his welcoming arms many bleeding business people His remedy was to consolidate rival enterprises and to ensure future harmony by placing officers of his own bank on various boards of directors 9. Carnegie’s philanthropic investments consisted of donating $350 million to help build libraries, museums, and universities. 10.

Black Codes Laws aimed at keeping the black population in submission and workers in the fields Varied from state to state Examples: subject to penalties and fines if they broke a labor contract, wages kept low, could not serve on a jury, barred blacks from renting or leasing land, and they could be punished for idleness Northerners saw the Black Codes as a mockery of the war and abolitionists Life of freed blacks—not slaves on paper, but in reality, their lives were little different

11.

Attraction to the cities Job opportunities, electricity, telephone, indoor plumbing, department stores (Macy’s is the first department store open in New York)

6

12. In the Indian Wars, the Native American Indians were driven from their lands for various reasons (gold, settlers, etc.) which caused revolt. The government/military then tried to force them onto reservations. By 1890, all Indian groups had been subdued. Sioux Led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse Gold seekers invaded their territory They defeated Custer’s Cavalry at Little Big Horn Nez Perce Peaceful tribe in the Oregon territory Revolted against gold seekers then fled across the Rockies to the Canadian border Led by Chief Joseph Apache Warlike tribe in Arizona/New Mexico Led by Geronimo He was chased to Mexico and survived, but he surrenders at Arizona in 1886 13. The outlawing of the sun/ghost dance resulted in the Battle of Wounded Knee. 14. The Sioux went to war to fight to keep their sacred customs, land, animism, ancestor worship, and other things associated with their culture. 15.

Dawes Act of 1887 Dissolved the legal entities of all tribes, but if the Indians behaved the way whites wanted them to behave (become farmers on reservations) they could receive full US citizenship in 25 years

7

16. Sooners were settlers who jumped the gun to claim land in Oklahoma under the Homestead Act. 17.

Buffalo Before the Civil War there were 10’s of millions of buffalo By the end of the Civil War in 1865, there were only 15 million By 1885 there were fewer than 1000 buffalo left, which were put at Yellowstone National Park From 1870-1890, the herds of buffalo on the Great Plains were destroyed by sharp-shooters traveling by train

18.

The South After the Civil War Divided into 5 military zones and laid new guidelines for the readmission of states Placed under Martial Law Southerners regarded reconstruction as worse than the war itself Republicans failed to improve the South Fate of blacks would remain poor for almost another century Some slaves stayed with their owners, some owners reenslaved slaves, some left to find their families then work Reconstruction lasted from 1867-1877 and was put to an end by the Compromise of 1877

19. Boss Tweed was finally jailed for forgery, larceny, and other charges. 20.

Compromise of 1877 End of Reconstruction Republicans—Rutherford B. Hayes

8

Democrats—Samuel Tilden Tilden won popular vote, but was one vote shy of winning the electoral Waiting on votes from Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana All three states brought two visiting statesmen from each state—one saying the republicans won and one saying the democrats won Undecided/disputing Congress sets up an electoral commission consisting of 15 men from the Senate, the House, and the Supreme Court 15=odd number=no more ties Committee decided that the republicans had been victorious in the disputed states, giving the republicans the presidency (did not look at ballots Republicans get presidency so the Democrats ask the north to get out of the south and end reconstruction The Republican party abandons their work for racial equality Democrats want republicans to repeal the civil rights act of 1875 21. Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era in the US was based on a series of laws, new constructions, and practices in the south that were deliberately used to prevent black citizens from registering to vote and voting. 22.

Presidents Assassinated (& by who) Lincoln (1865) by John Wilkes Booth; replaced by Johnson Garfield (1881) by Charles Guiteau; replaced by Arthur

23.

9

Grover Cleveland

Election of 1888—democrats 2nd time running for president 1st president to serve two non-consecutive terms (1882) 24.

Interstate Commerce Act Breaking up trusts Passed because of Vanderbilt’s railroad practices Passed 1887—federal law prohibited unfair practices by railroads such as charging higher rates for shorter routes Not strongly enforced or followed Interstate Commerce Commission was established to enforce the act—first time the government gets involved in business

25. The Transcontinental railroad expanded the industries of mining and agriculture—created a domestic market for American raw materials and manufactured goods. 26. Tobacco spurred the Industrial Revolution—machine made cigarettes replaced the roll-your-own variety, so tobacco consumption shot up. 27.

Horizontal Integration Used by Rockefeller in the Oil industry Allying with competitors to monopolize a given market Eliminated competition using dominance tactics

28.

Vertical Integration helped the Steel industry Combining into one organization all phases of manufacturing from mining to market Own every aspect of the business—no middleman

29.

Sherman Anti-Trust Laws Passed because of Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company

10

Break up monopolies Passed in 1890—purpose of federal law was to stop monopolies from engaging in unfair practices that prevented fair competition Not strongly enforced 30. More women worked outside the home in the 1890’s because of industrialization—typewriter and switchboard created jobs. 31. Captains of Industry were seen as such horrible people because of the perspective—the working people viewed them as robber barons because they were becoming wealthy by using people. 32.

Settlement Houses Located in a poor, immigrant neighborhood Offered instruction in English, counseling services for working mothers, and cultural activities Hull House in Chicago created by Jane Addams #1 aspect of culture—language English is very important for the immigrants to learn

33. There was a push for public education and mandatory elementary education to get children out of factory work. The idea of tax-supported elementary schools was gathering strength in the late 1800’s. By 1870, more states were making at least grade school education mandatory and this gain helped check the abuses of child labor. 34.

Journalism Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst were in competition with each other selling newspapers Journalists that used techniques of sensationalism/yellow journalism

11

Yellow journalism—unbalanced reporting that increased their circulations; ex: tabloids Overall influence of Pulitzer and Hearst was not altogether wholesome Their flair for scandal and sensational rumor was happily somewhat offset by the introduction of syndicated material These men were writers for American newspapers and encouraged the US to declare war on Spain Pulitzer Prize—awarded to an outstanding literature writer 35. Women helped push for the 18th Amendment (prohibition of alcohol). 36.

Southern Agriculture after the Civil War Cotton and tobacco production does not decline Crop-lien system—small farmers who rented out land from plantation owners were kept in perpetual debt and forced to continue to work for the owners

37. The volume of goods was high, which caused the cost to decrease. 38.

Populist Party People’s party Rooted in the Farmer’s Alliance of frustrated farmers in the great agricultural belts of the West and the South Demanded inflation through free and unlimited coinage of silver at the rate of 16 ounces of silver to one ounce of gold Graduated income tax Government ownership of railroads, telegraph, and telephone

12

Direct election of US Senators One term limit on presidency Adoption of the initiative and referendum to allow citizens to share legislation more directly Shorter work day Immigration restrictions General James B. Weaver presidential candidate 39.

Ku Klux Klan Latin for “circle of friends” Also known as “invisible empire of the south” Want to be seen as one unit—not individuals Wear white to be seen as ghosts (fear) Founded in 1866 in Tennessee Extremely racist whites who hated free blacks and their advocates Organization that scared blacks into not voting or seeking jobs Often resorted to violence in addition to terror Leaders eventually convicted of tax evasion Could not convict on previous crimes due to a lack of evidence Meetings held at night in a circle with the leaders in a smaller circle in the center; cross to profess Christianity; white robes and masks to keep an unknown identity (shows they knew it was wrong)

40. Raw materials that traveled on the railroads during early industrialization included coal, iron, steel, and lumber.

13...