The Discussion About The Origin Of Crusades And Promotion - Task 3 - 4 PDF

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A. 1. Discuss the origins of the Crusades In 1071 CE a tribe of Turks called the Seljuks met with the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert. The Byzantine army was defeated and their Emperor Romanus IV was killed. This allowed the Seljuks to advance into Anatolia and occupy the Holy Land and Jerusalem. Once there they forbade Christians from traveling to Jerusalem and other religious sites in the area. The rapid invasion of the Turks alarmed the Byzantine Emperor Alexius I (1081-1118 CE) enough that he asked his rival, Pope Urban II (1088-1099 CE) for assistance. The Pope called a council in Clermont, France that was attended by 300 people including bishops, abbots, lords and kings. They responded to Pope Urban's plea to free the Holy Land enthusiastically so he formed an army and they headed for Jerusalem. (Acrobatiq, 2017)

2. Describe the methods used by the Roman Catholic Church to Promote the Crusades Peter the Hermit and Walter the Penniless were the first to respond to Pope Urban's call for help. They inspired thousands of ordinary, undisciplined, unarmed people from France and Germany to leave their homes and march towards Jerusalem. These people believed they were witnessing the end of days and that God would soon rise to destroy the Muslims and free the Holy Land. They reached Constantinople in August 1096 CE. Relying on their faith to defend them as they travelled into the desert of Anatolia, many of them starved, died of thirst, or were slaughtered or enslaved by the Turks. In 1097 CE they formed a disciplined army and by land and by sea they reached Constantinople and succeeded in defeating the Turks. On July 15, 1099 they advanced on Jerusalem massacring Muslims, Jews and even Christians. (Acrobatiq, 2017)

B. 1. Different methods of expansion used by the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties Mu'awiya (r.661-680) was the founder of the first Islamic dynasty called the Umayyad dynasty. He was a smart businessman and a skilled administrator. He preferred to bribe his enemies rather than fight them as past caliphs had done. He moved the capital of his dynasty to Damascus. He relied heavily on an Arab army and also developed the first Muslim Navy, which defeated the Byzantines in the Mediterranean Sea. The Abbasid dynasty ( 750-1258 CE) started a revolution and defeated the Umayyad dynasty. The capitol was moved from Damascus to Baghdad. Tolerance, inclusion and equality helped strengthen empire. While tax reductions on merchants, the development of an effective banking system and support of artists helped increase the revenue from trade. (Acrobatiq, 2017)

2. Contrasting the religious and political policies of the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties

The Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties were both Sunni Muslim Empires, but the Abbasids worked with Shia Muslims and the Umayyad did not. And while the Umayyads heavily favored Arab Muslims over non-Arab Muslims charging them taxes, the Abbasids did not discriminate and opened up all offices of state and military to nonArab Muslims. Another aspect of governing the dynasties did differently was how they handled newly conquered territories. The Umayyads left the previous administrators in place and the Abbasids sent viziers and representatives loyal to their caliph to govern the new land and people that occupied it. (Acrobatiq, 2017)

C. 1. The significance of the Silk Road in facilitating the spread of epic diseases The bubonic plague (or black death) was a disease that started in south China in the 1320s CE and traveled with Mongol warrior and Chinese travelers to northern China. It was then spread west via the Silk Road and by sea through trade lanes to the Indian ocean and Arabian Sea. The pathogen that caused the disease is found in the saliva of fleas and spreads when the flea bites. Fleas prefer rats to host them but after the Little Ice Age in the fourteenth century there was a decline in the rat population causing the fleas to seek other hosts. The fleas could survive in clothing or in sacks of grain and then jump to a new host when they arrived in urban areas. Therefor the areas most affected by the bubonic plague were along trade routes, the primary trade route being the Silk Road. Approximately 33% to 40% of Europe's population was killed by the end of the initial outbreak. (Acrobatiq, 2017)

D. References Acrobatiq. (2017). Survey of world history. Retrieved from https://wgunx.acrobatiq.com/courseware/contents/wh_apr14...