The World System, Globalization, Ecological Anthro PDF

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Dr. Rector-Verelli...

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Effects of Colonialism: ○ Postcolonial studies: analysis of interactions between European nations and societies they colonized ○ Entire countries and social groups were colonial inventions ○ Modern political boundaries based on linguistic, political contrasts resulting from European colonial policies The “Second World”: Former Soviet Union nations and the socialist and once-socialist, countries of Eastern Europe and Asia ○ Often associated with communism communism (small c): social system in which property is owned by the community and in which people work for the common good Communism (large C): a political movement and doctrine seeking to overthrow capitalism and establish a form of communism ○ Currently five Communist states compared with 23 in 1985 ■ China ■ Cuba ■ Laos ■ North Korea ■ Vietnam ○ Communist party monopolizes power ■ States own means of productions ■ Regimes cultivated a sense of belonging to an international movement World System today: ○ Industrialization of the 20th century added hundreds of new industries and millions of new jobs ■ Mass production gave rise to a culture of consumption ■ Industrialization entailed a shift from renewable resources to the use of fossil fuels ○ Industrial Degradation: ■ Industrialization, factory labor characteristic ● Destruction of indigenous economies, ecologies, and indigenous people Climate Change: ○ Precise local effects undetermined ○ Energy needs ○ Arctic landscapes and ecosystems changing rapidly and perceptibly ○ Coastal communities have increased flooding and severe storms ○ Human influence: use of fossil fuels and consumerism ○ Accelerate migration, destabilize communities, exacerbate spread of infectious diseases ○ Most affected peoples will live on the environmental periphery ○ Anthropologists can play a role Ecological Anthropology: the study of cultural adaptations to environments ○ Ethnoecology: society’s set of environmental practices and perceptions

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Indigenous ethnoecologies increasingly challenged by migration, media, and commerce ○ Global vs. Local: ■ Clash of cultures occurs when development threatens indigenous people and their environments ■ Second clash occurs when external regulation aimed at conservation confronts indigenous people ■ “Preserving biodiversity”? ■ Applied ecological anthropology must devise culturally appropriate strategies ○ Deforestation: forest loss can lead to increased greenhouse gas production and loss of global biodiversity ■ Modern strategies more likely to consider needs of people living in and near forests ■ Government-conservation policies may require people to change past practices ■ Reasons to change their behavior must make sense to local people Emerging diseases: ○ Disease spread driven by population increase, changing settlement patterns, commercial expansion, climate change ○ Disease vectors and diseases: ■ Infections to and from humans Risk Assessment: ○ risk perception may be more developed in groups that are less endangered objectively ■ Mass media hone risk perception ○ Once people perceive risks, they need incentives to take action Interethnic Conflict: ○ Changes that arise from contacts between industrial and nonindustrial societies ■ Acculturation: changes in the cultural patterns of either or both groups ■ Westernization: the influence of western expansion on indigenous peoples ● Destruction, domination, resistance, survival, adaptation, and modification of native cultures Religious Change: ○ Proselytizing can promote ethnocide as Western beliefs and practices replace native ones Cultural Imperialism: ○ Spread or advance of one culture at the expense of others ■ Modern technology erasing cultural differences? ■ Modern technology providing opportunity for local cultures to express themselves? ■ When forces form world centers enter new societies, the societies become indigenized: modified to fit the local culture

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Global Consumption: ○ Global culture driven by flows of people, technology, financial, data, ideology ○ Business, technology, and media have increased people’s craving for commodities and images throughout the world ○ Mass media present a rich, ever-changing store of possible lives People in Motion: ○ Linkages in modern world system have enlarged, erased old boundaries, distinctions ■ Scale of movement has expanded dramatically ■ Diaspora: the offspring of a given area who have spread to many loads ○ Postmodernity: describes our time and situation, with today’s world in flux ○ Postmodern: period of blurring and breakdown of established categories, distinctions, boundaries Indigenous peoples: ○ United Nations Working Group on Indigenous People (WGIP) formed in 1982 ■ Social movements adopted the term indigenous people as a selfidentifying, political label ■ Based on past oppression ■ Legitimizing the search for social, cultural, and political rights...