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Warning: TT: undefined function: 32 Warning: TT: undefined function: 32THEORIES OF PERSONALITYPSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY(SIGMUND FREUD)Outline I. Biography II. Basic Assumptions III. Books IV. Basic Concepts A. Levels of the Mind B. Provinces of the Mind C. Dynamics of Personality D. Defense Mechanisms E...

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THEORIES OF PERSONALITY PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY (SIGMUND FREUD) Outline I. Biography II. Basic Assumptions III. Books IV. Basic Concepts A. Levels of the Mind B. Provinces of the Mind C. Dynamics of Personality D. Defense Mechanisms E. Stages of Development Biography: *Sigismund Freud (real name) * March 06 or May 06, 1856(birthday) * Jacob and Amalie Nathanson Freud(parents) * Emanuel and Philipp(stepbrothers) * Martha Bernays (wife) * Jean Martin(Charcot), Oliver(Cromwell), Ernest(Bruke), Mathilde(Frau Breur),Sophie(Frau Paneth) and Anna (Jewish priest) Highlights * hypnotic technique for treating hysteria (Jean Martin Charcot) * Catharsis, the process of removing hysterical symptoms through “talking them out”(Josef Breuer) * Free association technique * Seduction Theory Four reasons for abandoning the Seduction Theory: 1. Failure to treat a single patient; 2. Accused of sexual perversion; 3. Unconscious mind not capable of distinguishing reality from fiction; 4. Unconscious memories of advanced patients almost never revealed early childhood sexual experiences. Books: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Interpretation of Dreams On Dreams Psychopathology of Everyday Life Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious

Levels of Mental Life 1. Unconscious a. unconscious proper b. preconscious 2. Conscious Unconscious * contains all those drives, urges or instincts that are beyond our awareness but that nevertheless motivate most of our words, feelings and actions; * is the explanation for the meaning behind dreams, slips of the tongue and certain kinds of forgetting called repression; * a portion originates from the experiences of our early ancestors that have been passed on to us through hundreds of generation (phylogenetic endowment); * constantly strive to become conscious, many of them succeed, although they may no longer appear in their original form.

Preconscious * contains all those elements that are not conscious but can become conscious either quite readily or with some difficulty; * has 2 sources: 1. conscious perception 2. unconscious. Conscious * mental elements in awareness at any given point in time; * contents come from 2 different sources: 1. perceptual conscious system 2. within the mental structure: includes non threatening ideas from the preconscious as well as menacing but welldisguised images from the unconscious. Provinces of the Mind Id (das Es, is completely unconscious) Ego (das Ich, has conscious, preconscius and unconscious components) Superego ( das Uber-Ich, is both preconscious and unconscious).

Id * is at the core of personality; * psychical region that is completely unconscious; * literally means the “not-yet-owned component of personality; * has no contact with reality yet strives constantly to reduce tension by satisfying basic drives; * sole function is to seek pleasure without regard for what is proper or just (pleasure principle); * is illogical and can simultaneously entertain incompatible ideas; cannot make value judgments (no morality/amoral); * operates through the primary process; * Summary: it is primitive, chaotic, inaccessible to consciousness, unchangeable, amoral, illogical, unorganized and filled with energy received from basic drives and discharged for the satisfaction of the pleasure principle. Ego * is the only region of the mind in contact with reality; *grows out of the id during infancy and becomes a person’s sole source of communication with the external world; *is governed by the reality principle; *becomes the decision-making or executive branch of personality; *constantly tries to reconcile the blind, irrational claims of the id and the superego with the realistic demands of the external world. Superego * represents the moral and ideal aspects of personality; * is guided by the moralistic and idealistic principles; * grows out of the ego and has no energy of its own; * has no contact with the outside world; * is unrealistic in its demands for perfection; * has 2 subsystems: conscience and ego-ideal; * conscience: results from experiences with punishments for improper behavior and tells us what we should not do; * ego-ideal: develops from experiences with rewards for proper behavior and tells us what we should do; * strives blindly and unrealistically toward perfection;

* unrealistic in the sense that it does not take into consideration the difficulties or impossibilities faced by the ego in carrying out its orders; * is completely ignorant of and unconcerned with the practicability of its requirements. Dynamics of Personality 1. Drives 2. Sex 3. Aggression 4. Anxiety Drives *interchangeably used with the German word Trieb, instinct, or impulse; *operate as a constant motivational force; differ from external stimuli in that they cannot be avoided through flight; * is characterized by: an impetus, the amount of force it exerts; a source, the region of the body in a state of excitation or tension; an aim, to seek pleasure by removing that excitation or reducing the tension; an object, the person or thing that serves as the means through which the aim is satisfied; *can be grouped under 2 major headings: 1. sex, libido or Eros 2. aggression, distraction or Thanatos. 1. Sex *aim is pleasure derived from the erogenous zones, bodily parts capable of producing sexual pleasure (genitals, mouth and anus, etc.); *can take many forms including: a. narcissism b. love c. sadism d. masochism a. Narcissism occurs during the infancy stage when infants are primarily self-centered (primary narcissism), and reoccurs during puberty when adolescents become preoccupied with personal appearance and other self-interests (secondary narcissism); b. Love develops when people invest their libido on an object or person other than themselves;

c. Sadism the need for sexual pleasure by inflicting pain or humiliation on another person;

Techniques such as repression, reaction formation, sublimation and the like, whereby the ego defends itself against the pain of anxiety.

d. Masochism experiencing sexual pleasure from suffering pain and humiliation inflicted either by themselves or by others.

Stages of Development Infantile period oral phase anal phase phallic phase male oedipus complex female oedipus complex Latency period Genital period Maturity

2. Aggression * final aim is self-destruction by returning the organism to an inorganic state- death; * is flexible and can take a number of forms (teasing, gossip, sarcasm, etc.); * is present in everyone; * is the explanation for wars, atrocities and religious persecution. Anxiety * is a felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied by a physical sensation that warns the person against impending danger; * only the ego can produce or feel anxiety; * serves as an ego-preserving mechanism because it signals the coming of danger; * allows the constantly vigilant ego to be alert for signs of threat and danger; * is also self-regulating because it precipitates repression which in turn reduces the pain of anxiety; * forms of anxiety: a. neurotic anxiety b. moral anxiety c. realistic anxiety a. Neurotic anxiety apprehension about an unknown danger; a result of the ego’s dependence on the id; exists in the ego but originates from id impulses; b. Moral anxiety stems from conflict between the ego and the superego; c. Realistic anxiety * an unpleasant, nonspecific feelings involving a possible danger; * is different from fear in that it does not involve a specific fearful object. Defense Mechanism

INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY (ALFRED ADLER)

Outline I. Biography II. Terms to be Defined III. Basic Assumptions IV. Basic Concepts > Safeguarding Tendencies A. Excuses B. Aggression C. Withdrawal I. Biography II. Terms to be Defined 1. Creative power 2. Fictionalism 3. Final Goal 4. Style of life 5. Organ Dialect 6. Social Interest

1. Creative power > a dynamic concept implying movement. 2. Fictionalism > expectations of the future. 3. Final Goal > personal superiority or success for all humankind. > compensating for feelings of inferiority or weakness. 4. Style of life > flavor of a person’s life.

1. The one dynamic force behind people’s behavior is the striving for success or superiority. 2. People’s subjective perceptions shape their behavior and personality. 3. Personality is unified and self-consistent. 4. The value of all human activity must be seen from the viewpoint of social interest. 5. The self-consistent personality structure develops into a person’s style of life. 6. Style of life is molded by people’s creative power. 2. Neurotics > underdeveloped social interest; > tend to set their goals too high; > live in their own private world; > have a rigid and dogmatic style of life. IV. Basic Concepts Safeguarding Tendencies > to protect one’s exaggerated sense of self-esteem against public disgrace; > enables people to hide their inflated self-image and to maintain their current style of life; > designed to: - protect a person’s present style of life; - maintain a fictional, elevated feeling of self-importance; > are self-defeating; > built-in goals of self-interest and personal superiority blocks them from securing authentic feelings of self-esteem; > aims to: - serve as a buffer for fear of disgrace; - eliminate exaggerated inferiority feelings; - attain self-esteem.

6. Social Interest > a feeling of oneness with all humanity; > membership in the social community.

A. Excuses B. Aggression 1. depreciation 2. accusation 3. self-accusation C. Withdrawal 1. moving backward 2. standing still 3. hesitating 4. constructing obstacles

III. Basic Assumptions 1. Tenets of Adler

A. Excuses > most common of the safeguarding tendencies;

5. Organ Dialect > body’s organs speak a language which is usually more expressive and discloses the individual’s opinion more clearly than words are able to do.

> protects a weak – but artificially inflated – sense of self-worth; > deceives people into believing that they are more superior than they really are. > expressed in the “yes, but” or “if only” format. B. Aggression > used to safeguard their exaggerated superiority complex, to protect their fragile self-esteem; > forms of aggression: 1. depreciation 2. accusation 3. self-accusation 1. Depreciation > tendency to undervalue other people’s achievement and to overvalue one’s own; > evident in such behaviors as criticism and gossip. 2. Accusation > tendency to blame others for one’s failures; > to seek revenge, thereby safeguarding one’s own tenuous self-esteem; > meant to cause the people around them to suffer more than they do. 3. Self-accusation > marked by self-torture and guilt; > the converse of depreciation, although both are aimed toward gaining personalsuperiority; > meant to hurt people who are close to them; > guilt – is often aggressive, self-accusatory behavior; > people devalue themselves in order to inflict suffering on others while protecting their own magnified feelings of self-esteem. C. Withdrawal > running away from difficulties; > safeguarding through distance; > four modes of safeguarding through withdrawal: 1. moving backward 2. standing still 3. hesitating 4. constructing obstacles. 1. Moving backward > tendency to safeguard one’s fictional goal of superiority by psychologically reverting to a more secure period of life; > designed to elicit sympathy; > may sometimes be conscious;

> directed at maintaining an inflated goal of superiority. 2. Standing still > simply does not want to move in any direction; > avoids all responsibilities by ensuring themselves against any threat of failure. 3. Hesitating > procrastinating, an attempt to waste time; > allows neurotic individuals to preserve their inflated sense of self-esteem. 4. Constructing obstacles > the least severe of the withdrawal safeguarding tendencies.

ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY (CARL JUNG) Outline I. Biography II. Terms to be Defined III. Basic Concepts A. Levels of the Psyche B. Dynamics of Personality C. Psychological Types D. Development of Personality

> may also be partly conscious and may stem from both the personal and the collective unconscious.

I. Biography * Born on July 26, 1875 in Kesswil, Lay Constance, Switzerland * Parents: Johann Paul Jung Emilie Preiswerk Jung * Wife: Emma Rauschenbach, a young sophisticated woman from a wealthy Swiss family * Impt. patients: Sabina Spielrein Antonia (toni) Wolff

1. Persona 2. Shadow 3. Anima 4. Animus 5. Great Mother 6. Wise Old Man 7. Hero 8. Self Conscious > images are those that are sensed by the ego; > center of consciousness but not the core of personality; > takes a secondary position to the unconscious self in an psychologically healthy person.

II. Terms to be Defined 1. Attitudes 2. Mandala 3. Psyche 4. Complexes

1. Attitude > a predisposition to act or react in a characteristic direction. 2. Mandala > depicted as a circle within a square; > represents the perfect self and divinity; > archetype of order, unity and totality. 3. Psyche > total personality > abstraction representing something real that cannot be touched or felt but that we know exists through its effects; > principle of opposites > principle of equivalence > principle of entropy 4. Complexes > are individualized components of the personal unconscious; > are largely personal but may also be partly derived from humanity’s collective experience;

A. Levels of the Psyche > Conscious > Personal Unconscious > Collective Unconscious > Archetypes

Personal Unconscious > embraces all repressed, forgotten or subliminally perceived experiences of one particular individual; > contains repressed infantile memories, impulses, forgotten events,experiences originally perceived below the threshold of our consciousness; > is an emotionally toned conglomeration of associated ideas. Collective Unconscious > has roots in the ancestral past of the entire species; > are more or less the same for people in all cultures; > are influenced by our primitive ancestors’ primordial experiences; > is responsible for people’s myths, legends and religious beliefs; > refers to humans’ innate tendency to react in a particular way whenever their experiences stimulate a biologically inherited response tendency; > produces “big dreams”.

Archetypes > are ancient archaic images derived from the collective unconscious; > are similar to complexes since they are emotionally toned collections of associated images; > are generalized and derived from the contents of the collective unconscious; > have biological basis but originate through the repeated experiences of human’s early ancestors; > becomes activated when a personal experience corresponds to the latent primordial image; > expresses itself through several modes, primarily dreams( main source), fantasies and delusions; > are always emotionally toned; > has a life and a personality of its own; > are the psychic counterpart of an instinct; ( instinct: an unconscious physical impulse toward action); > both instincts and archetypes: are unconsciously determined and can help shape personality. 1. Persona > side of personality that people show to the world; > originated from Jung’s experiences with his no. 1 personality; > we remain unconscious of our individuality and are blocked from attaining self-realization if we identify too closely with our persona. 2. Shadow > archetype of darkness and repression; > represents qualities we do not wish to acknowledge to ourselves and others; > consists of morally objectionable tendencies as well as a number of constructive and creative qualities that we are reluctant to face; > first test of courage. 3. Anima > Feminine side of men; > represents irrational moods and feelings; > originates in the collective unconscious, from man’s early experiences with women; > remains extremely resistant to consciousness; > second test of courage. 4. Animus > the masculine in women; > symbolic of thinking and reasoning; > is capable of influencing the thinking of a woman; > belongs to the collective unconscious; > originates from the encounter of prehistoric women with men;

> appears in dreams, visions, fantasies in a personified form. 5. Great Mother > a derivative of the anima and animus; > is always associated with both positive and negative feelings; > represents 2 opposing forces that combined to form the concept of rebirth, reincarnation, etc: 1. fertility and nourishment 2. power and destruction. 6. Wise Old Man > archetype of wisdom and meaning; > symbolizes humans’ preexisting knowledge of the mysteries of life; > is personified in dreams as father, grandfather, etc. > appears in fairy tales as the king, etc. who comes to the aid of the troubled protagonist; > is also symbolized by life itself. 7. Hero > represented in mythology and legends as a powerful person, sometimes part god; > fights against great odds to conquer evil in the forms of dragon, etc. 8. Self > an inherited tendency to move toward growth, perfection and completion; > is the archetype of all archetypes; > pulls together the other archetypes and unites them in the process of self-realization; > possesses conscious and personal unconscious components mostly formed by collective unconscious images; > symbolized by a person’s ideas of perfection, completion and wholeness; > ultimate symbol is the mandala ; > represents the strivings of the collective unconscious for unity, balance and wholeness; > includes both personal and collective unconscious images; > unites the opposing elements of the psyche – yang and yin. B. Dynamics of Personality 1. Causality 2. Teleology 3. Progression 4. Regression

1. Causality > holds that present events have their origins in previous experiences. 2. Teleology > holds that present events are motivated by goals and aspirations for the future that direct a person’s destiny. 3. Progression > adaptation to the outside world; > involves forward flow of psychic energy; > inclines a person to react consistently to a given set of environmental conditions. 4. Regression > adaptation to the inner world; > relies on a backward flow of psychic energy; > is a necessary backward step in the successful attainment of a goal; > activates the unconscious psyche, an essential aid in the solution of most problems. C. Psychological Types > grows out of a union of 2 basic attitudes – introversion and extraversion – and 4 separate functions – thinking, feeling, sensing and intuiting; 1. Introversion > is the turning inward of psychic energy with an orientation toward the subjective. 2. Extraversion > is the turning outward of psychic energy with an orientation toward the objective. Functions 1. Thinking 2. Feeling 3. Sensing 4. Intuiting 1. Thinking > logical intellectual activity that produces a chain of ideas; > enables a person to recognize meaning. a. Extraverted thinking > people rely heavily on concrete thoughts but may also use abstract ideas if ideas have been transmitted from without. b. Introverted thinking

> react to external stimuli, but their interpretation of an event is colored more by the internal meaning they bring with them than by the objective facts themselves. 2. Feeling > describes the process of evaluating an idea or event; > is the evaluation of every conscious activity, even those valued as indifferent. a. Extraverted feeling > uses objective data to make evaluations; > are not guided so much by their subjective opinion but by external values and widely accepted standards of judgments; > are likely to be at ease in social situations; > are usually well liked because of their sociability but may appear artificial, shallow and unreliable. b. Introverted feeling > base their value judgment primarily on subjective perceptions rather than objective facts; > have an individualized conscience, a taciturn demeanor and an unfathomable psyche; > ignore traditional opinions, beliefs; > indifference to the objective world often causes others to feel uncomfortable and to cool their attitude toward them. 3. Sensing > receives physical stimuli and transmits them to perceptual consciousness; > is simply t...