Carl Jung notes - Summary Theories of Personality PDF

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Carl Jung
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Saturday, 9 November 2019 Carl Jung: Analytical Psychology

analytical psychology, which rests on the assumption that occult phenomena can and do influence the lives of everyone. Jung believed that each of us is motivated not only by repressed experiences but also by certain emotionally toned experiences inherited from our ancestors. These inherited images make up what Jung called the collective unconscious. The collective unconscious includes those elements that we have never experienced individually but which have come down to us from our ancestors. Some elements of the collective unconscious become highly developed and are called archetypes. Jung’s theory is a compendium of opposites. he underwent the most profound and dangerous experience of his life—a trip through the underground of his own unconscious psyche. Marvin Goldwert (1992) referred to this time in Jung’s life as a period of “creative illness,” By using dream interpretation and active imagination to force himself through his underground journey, Jung eventually was able to create his unique theory of personality. During this period he wrote down his dreams, drew pictures of them, told himself stories, and then followed these stories wherever they moved. Through these procedures he became acquainted with his personal unconscious. a kind of psychological rebirth called individuation

the most important portion of the unconscious springs not from personal experiences of the individual but from the distant past of human existence, a concept Jung called the collective unconscious. Of lesser importance to Jungian theory are the conscious and the personal unconscious conscious = with ego unconscious = without ego Jung saw the ego as the center of consciousness, but

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Saturday, 9 November 2019 not the core of personality self, the center of personality that is largely unconscious consciousness plays a relatively minor role in analytical psychology, and an overemphasis on expanding one’s conscious psyche can lead to psychological imbalance Healthy individuals are in contact with their conscious world, but they also allow themselves to experience their unconscious self The personal unconscious embraces all repressed, forgotten, or subliminally perceived experiences of one particular individual.

Contents of the personal unconscious are called complexes. A complex is an emotionally toned conglomeration of associated ideas.

Complexes are largely personal, but they may also be partly derived from humanity’s collective experience personal unconscious, which results from individual experiences,

collective unconscious has roots in the ancestral past of the entire species. The collective unconscious does not refer to inherited ideas but rather to humans’ innate tendency to react in a particular way whenever their experiences stimulate a biologically inherited response tendency Archetypes are ancient or archaic images that derive from the collective unconscious. But whereas complexes are individualized components of the personal unconscious, archetypes are generalized and derive from the contents of the collective unconscious. instinct as an unconscious physical impulse toward action and saw the archetype as the psychic counterpart to an instinct. Archetypes have a biological basis but originate through the repeated experiences of humans’ early ancestors. Dreams are the main source of archetypal material His concept of phylogenetic endowment, however, differs

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Saturday, 9 November 2019 somewhat from Jung’s formulation. One difference was that Freud looked first to the personal unconscious and resorted to the phylogenetic endowment only when individual explanations failed In contrast, Jung placed primary emphasis on the collective unconscious and used personal experiences to round out the total personality Archetypes: persona, shadow, anima, animus, great mother, wise old man, hero, and self.

The side of personality that people show to the world is designated as the persona. The shadow, the archetype of darkness and repression, represents those qualities we do not wish to acknowledge but attempt to hide from ourselves and others Jung believed that all humans are psychologically bisexual and possess both a masculine and a feminine side. The feminine side of men originates in the collective unconscious as an archetype and remains extremely resistant to consciousness. Few men become well acquainted with their anima The masculine archetype in women is called the animus. Whereas the anima represents irrational moods and feelings, the animus is symbolic of thinking and reasoning. Jung believed that the animus is responsible for thinking and opinion in women just as the anima produces feelings and moods in men

Great mother- She is capable of producing and sustaining life (fertility and nourishment), but she may also devour or neglect her offspring (destruction). Wise old man - The wise old man, archetype of wisdom and meaning, symbolizes humans’ preexisting knowledge of the mysteries of life The hero archetype is represented in mythology and legends as a powerful person, sometimes part god, who fights against great odds to conquer or vanquish evil Jung believed that each person possesses an inherited tendency to move toward growth, perfection, and completion, and he called this innate disposition the self. the self is the archetype of archetypes because it pulls together the other archetypes and unites them in the process of selfrealization.

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Saturday, 9 November 2019 Like the other archetypes, it possesses conscious and personal unconscious components, ultimate symbol is the mandala, which is depicted as a circle within a square, a square within a circle, or any other concentric figure. the self includes both the conscious and unconscious mind, and it unites the opposing elements of psyche—male and female, good and evil, light and dark forces. These opposing elements are often represented by the yang and yin whereas the self is usually symbolized by the mandala. Does motivation spring from past causes or from teleological goals? Jung insisted that it comes from both. Adaptation to the outside world involves the forward flow of psychic energy and is called progression, whereas adaptation to the inner world relies on a backward flow of psychic energy and is called regression Progression inclines a person to react consistently to a given set of environmental conditions, whereas regression is a necessary backward step in the successful attainment of a goal attitude as a predisposition to act or react in a characteristic direction.

introversion is the turning inward of psychic energy with an orientation toward the subjective. extraversion is the attitude distinguished by the turning outward of psychic energy so that a person is oriented toward the objective and away from the subjective

In summary, people are neither completely introverted nor completely extraverted Both introversion and extraversion can combine with any one or more of four functions, forming eight possible orientations, or types Sensing tells people that something exists; thinking enables them to recognize its meaning; feeling tells them its value or worth; and intuition allows them to know about it without knowing how they know. Jung believed that personality develops through a series of stages that culminate in individuation, or self-realization. Jung grouped the stages of life into four general periods—childhood, youth, middle

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Saturday, 9 November 2019 life, and old age

Childhood Jung divided childhood into three substages: (1) the anarchic, (2) the monarchic, and (3) the dualistic. The anarchic phase is characterized by chaotic and sporadic consciousness. The monarchic phase of childhood is characterized by the development of the ego and by the beginning of logical and verbal thinking. The ego as perceiver arises during the dualistic phase of childhood when the ego is divided into the objective and subjective. Children now refer to themselves in the first person and are aware of their existence as separate individuals. The period from puberty until middle life is called youth. This desire to live in the past is called the conservative principle. Jung believed that middle life begins at approximately age 35 or 40, by which time the sun has passed its zenith and begins its downward descent. Although this decline can present middle-aged people with increasing anxieties, middle life is also a period of tremendous potential. Psychological rebirth, also called self-realization or individuation, is the process of becoming an individual or whole person Analytical psychology is essentially a psychology of opposites, and self-realization is the process of integrating the opposite poles into a single homogeneous individual. This process of “coming to selfhood” means that a person has all psychological components functioning in unity, with no psychic process atrophying Word association - hypothesis that the unconscious operates as an autonomous process. However, the basic purpose of the test in Jungian psychology today is to uncover feeling-toned complexes. As noted in the section of levels of the psyche, a complex is an individualized, emotionally toned conglomeration of images grouped around a central core. The word association test is based on the principle that complexes create measurable emotional responses.

The purpose of Jungian dream interpretation is to uncover elements from the personal and collective unconscious and to integrate them into consciousness in order to facilitate the process of self-realization.

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Saturday, 9 November 2019 A technique Jung used during his own self-analysis as well as with many of his patients was active imagination. This method requires a person to begin with any impression— a dream image, vision, picture, or fantasy—and to concentrate until the . The first is confession of a pathogenic secret. For patients who merely have a need to share their secrets, catharsis is effective. The second stage involves interpretation, explanation, and elucidation. This approach, used by Freud, gives the patients insight into the causes of their neuroses, but may still leave them incapable of solving social problems. The third stage, therefore, is the approach adopted by Adler and includes the education of patients as social beings. Unfortunately, says Jung, this approach often leaves patients merely socially well adjusted ourth stage, transformation. By transformation, he meant that the therapist must first be transformed into a healthy human being, preferably by undergoing psychotherapy. Jung also recognized the process of countertransference, a term used to describe a therapist’s feelings toward the patien

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