Third Fitna - Lecture notes 1 PDF

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Summary

Following Hisham's death in 743 CE, the empire was thrown into a state of civil warfare. After being ousted and slain by Yazid III (d. 744 CE), a son of Walid I, Walid II ruled from 743-744 CE, before being toppled and killed by Yazid III (d. 744 CE), a son of Walid I. Because many tribes had begun ...

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Third Fitna Following Hisham's death in 743 CE, the empire was thrown into a state of civil warfare. After being ousted and slain by Yazid III (d. 744 CE), a son of Walid I, Walid II ruled from 743-744 CE, before being toppled and killed by Yazid III (d. 744 CE), a son of Walid I. Because many tribes had begun revolting against the establishment in the middle of the instability, the Third Fitna (743-747 CE) erupted, marking the third civil war in Islamic history and the third in Islamic history overall. Yazid III died only six months later and was followed by his brother Ibrahim, who ruled for barely two months before being toppled by the elderly Marwan II (r. 744750 CE), who was a grandson of Marwan I. Yazid III died only six months later and was succeeded by his brother Ibrahim. With the death of Marwan, the Umayyad dynasty came to an end, although abd alrahman continued his family's grasp over Spain. Marwan II was a powerful military commander who lacked diplomatic abilities. Instead, he used raw force to put down uprisings and bring the Third Fitna to a close in 747 CE. The Abbasids, on the other hand (an Arabian sect that claimed to be descendants of the Prophet's uncle: Abbas), had acquired the allegiance of the people of Khurasan, and they were determined to keep it (in Iran). As a result of years of conflict, his army was depleted, and the faltering economy made it impossible for him to recruit additional troops. Ineffective governors failed to recognise the seriousness of the Abbasid threat until it was too late, and the Abbasids were able to overthrow him. By the end of 749 CE, most of the eastern states had adopted the Abbasids' black banners, and the disgruntled tribes that he had subjugated with force had joined forces with them as supporters. Near the Zab River (750 CE), he came face to face with the bulk of the Abbasid army, which routed his army, forcing him to escape the battlefield. He fled to Egypt with the intention of gathering his soldiers from the western provinces, but the Abbasids tracked him down and executed him. The Umayyad Empire had come to an end, and the first Abbasid ruler, Abu Abbas (r. 750-754 CE), was proclaimed the new Caliph in Kufa....