Top 25 Key Aviation Events in history PDF

Preview

Summary

My personal top 25 key aviation events. This was a totally personal preference. You then had to pick out the top 10 and describe those in further detail. I received a first....

Description

Events That Have Had the Greatest Impact on the Air Transport Industry Since 1903.

The Concorde (EDN Network, 2018)

Contents Top 25 Key Aviation Events in history.................................................................3 Top 10 Events (1 most important, 10 least important).........................................5 1. 17 Dec 1903 Wright Brothers - First sustained, controlled powered aircraft flight. 5 2. 24 October 1978 Airline Deregulation Act – Encouraging the growth of low cost carriers. 5 3.

15 May 1918 First Air Mail Route

5

4. 18 June 1971 Southwest airlines – The First Low Cost Carrier Established. 5 5. 25 July 1909 - Louis Blériot became the first person to cross the English channel in an aircraft 6 6.

11 September 2001 9/11

6

7. November 1944 Chicago Convention International Civil Aviation conference – The first 2 freedoms of the air created.

6

8. 9 February 1969 Boeing 747 First Flight -The first wide-body aircraft produced. 6 9. 21 January 1976 The Introduction of the Concorde and 24 October 2003 - Discontinuation of the Concorde 7 10.

25 October 2007 The Introduction of The Airbus 380.

7

References............................................................................................................8

2

Top 25 Key Aviation Events in history 17 Dec 1903

25 July 1909 15 May 1918 13 October 1919 June 1919 1930 27 August 1939 November 1944

Wright Brothers First sustained, controlled powered aircraft flight. Louis Blériot became the first person to cross the English Channel in an aircraft. First Air mail route (US). The Paris Convention - The first multinational regulation governing air navigation. Alcock and Brown - First non-stop transatlantic crossing. Jet engine invented by Frank Whittle First jet propelled aircraft – ‘Heinkel He 178’ Chicago Convention International Civil Aviation conference – The first 2 freedoms of the air.

19 April 1945 IATA set up = responsible for the setting of air fares and cargo tariffs 1946 Bermuda agreement – third fourth and fifth freedoms 1952 Pan Am ‘Coach’/ ‘Tourist’ class introduced on North Atlantic routes = opening up the class market 9 February 1969 Boeing 747 First Flight

18 June 1971 Southwest airlines – first low cost carrier established

3

21 January 1976 Introduction of the Concorde

24 October 1978 Airline deregulation act – encouraging the growth of low cost carriers 1992 First open skies ASA with The Netherlands April 1997 Full EU deregulation 11 September 2001 9/11

22 December 2001 24 October 2003 August 2006 March 2008 25 October 2007

Shoe bomber Discontinuation of the Concorde Liquid bomb plot USA and EU open skies 1 Introduction of Airbus 380

8 March 2014 Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 2016 ASEAN open skies agreement

4

Top 10 Events (1 most important, 10 least important) 1. 17 Dec 1903 Wright Brothers - First sustained, controlled powered aircraft flight. After following Lithenthal’s research, the Wright Brothers decided to experiment with flight. Their first heavier-than-air flight was on December 17th 1903, they did 3 more flights that day, travelling a distance up to 852 feet (Shaw, 2014). This meant that the Wright Brothers invented the first successful airplane (Smithsonian, n.d.). This is important as it was a kick start to the aviation industry.

2. 24 October 1978 Airline Deregulation Act – Encouraging the growth of low cost carriers. The deregulation act made the airline industry in the United States a free market. This led to the increase in flights and the decrease of air fares. The purpose of deregulation was to increase competition and therefore improve the service. Morrison and Winston (1997) estimated that due to deregulation air fares fell by 20% between 1997 and 1993. The Airline Deregulation Act led to the development of Low Cost Carriers (explained in more detail further on), and the fall of the iconic airline: Pan American World Airways, which stopped operating in 1991 after 64 years of service.

3. 15 May 1918 First Air Mail Route With the end of World War One in sight, on May 15th 1918, aircraft from the Army Air Service of which were often associated with war, worked with the Post Office Department to ‘prove airmail was practical’. The World’s first regularly scheduled airmail route was between New York and Washington D.C., stopping in Philadelphia. It was a daily service running 6 out of a 7-day week and was 218 miles long. On August 10 th 1918, the Post Office Department took over the operation with their own planes. This was the start of the early airlines being set up as early airlines only carried mail. This led onto the Contract Air Mail Act 1925. This was important to the aviation history as it led to the introduction and development of passenger services as well as airmail on aircraft. Today, the aviation industry is led by passenger services.

4. 18 June 1971 Southwest airlines – The First Low Cost Carrier Established. Following deregulation, Southwest which was once just a small regional airline in Texas, became the first Low Cost Carrier airline (LCC). This created a new type of aviation industry, with more diversity, competition and choice. Southwest is now the largest domestic US carrier in terms of passenger numbers (Unnikrishnan, 2015). In 1990 Ryanair, copied the Southwest model and became Europe’s first LCC. EasyJet followed closely behind in 1995 and European deregulation in 1997. The introduction and development of Low Cost Carriers has changed the aviation industry as it has given a new way to travel. Flying is no longer a luxury as full service network carriers are losing business to the LCCs, who offer a no frill service to passengers.

5

5. 25 July 1909 - Louis Blériot became the first person to cross the English channel in an aircraft Louis Charles Joseph Blériot, was an aircraft manufacturer. He took off in his own aircraft from Paris, France and landed in Kent, England. As the first person to travel across the channel via aircraft, he got many awards. This led to his aircraft being sold, between 1909 and 1914 about 900 were sold (This Day In Aviation, 2018). This led to the Paris Convention being introduced in 1919. This occurred due to Blériot not being able to have the right documentation when he landed in England, this meant he had to declare himself as a ship.

6. 11 September 2001 9/11 9/11 is the most well-known terrorist attack in history. Four aircraft were hijacked in the United States and almost 3,000 killed. This heavily impacted the aviation industry, it is estimated that it took 3 years for the industry to recover from the 6% revenue loss after 9/11 (IATA, n.d.). Before 9/11 private companies managed airport security and it wasn’t very strict. Today, the government manages airport security with stricter rules with liquids, sharp objects, identification requirements and more. Although this has increased queueing within airports, aviation is officially the safest way to travel (Metro,2017). There has not been any successful terrorist attacks in aviation in the United States since 9/11. 9/11 was essential in highlighting the problems with safety in the aviation industry.

7. November 1944 Chicago Convention International Civil Aviation conference – The first 2 freedoms of the air created. In partnership with the United Nations, The Chicago Convention establishes airspace rules, safety and aircraft registration. After World War 2 aircraft were seen as being used in combat. ICAO (1944) stated that the Chicago Convention was established to “promote cooperation” and “create and preserve friendship and understanding among the nations and peoples of the world.” This peace treaty between nations led to the first two freedoms being introduced, this allowed aircraft to fly in international airspace as well as, landing in international territory for fuel and repairs. Aircraft registrations were put in place in order to identify the nationality of an aircraft Today, aircraft registrations are still being used and give aircraft a nationality, this is essential for an aircraft to be airworthy. Air freedoms have also been developed and there are now nine air freedoms.

8. 9 February 1969 Boeing 747 First Flight -The first wide-body aircraft produced. The 747 was designed with passengers and freight in mind due to the threat of the supersonic aircraft coming about. The Boeing 747 held the record for largest passenger capacity for 37 years with an average passenger number of 400. Airports across the globe had to adapt in order to support an aircraft of its size and the number of passengers that would come along with it. The 747 also helped air travel to become more accessible as air fares were cut in half within its first year (CNN,2018). The 747 was the first wide bodied aircraft introduced and is still the most iconic, and most recognisable today.

6

9. 21 January 1976 The Introduction of the Concorde and 24 October 2003 Discontinuation of the Concorde Both French and British Engineers worked together in order to develop the Concorde, alongside the USSR tried to ‘race’ them in developments. The programme cost approximately £1.3 billion. The Concorde could fly up to speeds of 1354mph, which halved current journey times. For example, it could fly from New York to Paris in less than 3.5 hours. (EDN,2018) The Concorde was not a great commercial success. The FAA banned commercial supersonic aircraft overflying the US in 1973. This led to the Concorde only flying between London, New York and Paris. People complained about the noise pollution caused by sonic booms. Only 16 Concordes were built for flag carrier airlines: British Airways and Air France. On 25th July 2000, Air France flight 4590 killed 113 people in an accident. This questioned many people’s faith in the Concorde program and led to the decline of its success, along with rising fuel costs and environmental concerns. The Concorde was retired in 2003. The Future of the aviation industry had become a failure but is still a vital part in aviation history today. In 2006, The Concorde won the Great British Design Quest organised by the BBC and the Design Museum.

10. 25 October 2007 The Introduction of The Airbus 380. When the A380 was introduced, it overtook the 747 as the largest passenger aircraft, with an average passenger number of 525. The A380 is 50% heavier than a 747 meaning many airports had to re-adapt. Many of the top airlines such as Singapore Airlines, Emirates, and Lufthansa are the main A380 carriers. The A380 has led many carriers to focus on a new type of first class travel; first class suites, this is due to the larger space offered by the aircraft. It is also argued that Emirates’ success, the 4th best airline in the world (Skytrax,2018), was mainly due to the A380. The President of Emirates, Sir Tim Clark argued in 2016 that the A380 is an excellent way to fight airport congestion in fewer planes. It is also an excellent aircraft to fly long-haul routes, of which Emirates focuses on. The A380 has had an impact on the aviation industry as it has become the ‘king of the skies’, and as the amount of air traffic is growing, in the future the A380 might be the solution to airport congestion as Tim Clark stated in 2016. Heathrow’s number of fights per day have stayed the same over the years but due to large aircraft such as the A380, passenger numbers have increased.

7

References Deffree, S. (2018). Concorde makes its final flight, November 26, 2003. EDN Network. Available at: www.edn.com/electronics-blogs/edn-moments/4402001/Concorde-makes-itsfinal-flight--November-26--2003 (Accessed 31 December 2018) EyeWitness to History. (2003) The Wright Brothers - First Flight, 1903. Available at: www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/wright.htm. (Accessed 1 January 2019) Glines, C.V. (2006). Airmail Service: It began With Army Air Service Pilots. HistoryNet. Available at: www.historynet.com/airmail-service-it-began-with-army-air-service-pilots.htm (Accessed 1 January 2019) H. Sobieczky (1997) New Design Concepts for High Speed Air Transport. Springer. Hameed. M. (n.d.) Low Cost Airlines: A Brief History, The Current State and The Future. AviationKnowledge. Available at: aviationknowledge.wikidot.com/aviation:low-costairlines:a-brief-history-the-current-state. (Accessed 1 January 2019) History.com Editors (2018). Concorde takes off. HISTORY. Available at: www.history.com/this-day-in-history/concorde-takes-off (Accessed 2 January 2019) History.com Editors. (2018) 9/11 Attacks. HISTORY. A&E Television Networks. Available at: www.history.com/topics/21st-century/9-11-attacks. (Accessed 2 January 2019) History.com Editors. (2018) Wright Brothers. HISTORY. A&E Television Networks.Available at: www.history.com/topics/inventions/wright-brothers (Accessed January 2, 2019) IATA. (n.d.) The Impact of September 11 2001 on Aviation. Available at: www.iata.org/pressroom/documents/impact-9-11-aviation.pdf (Accessed 3 January 2019) ICAO (n.d.). The History of ICAO and the Chicago Convention. Available at: www.icao.int/about-icao/History/Pages/default.aspx. (Accessed 3 January 2019) Larbi. M. (2017). Flying is officially the safest way to travel and here’s proof. Metro. Available at: metro.co.uk/2017/08/13/flying-is-officially-the-safest-way-to-travel-and-heresproof-6848903/ (Accessed 2 January 2019) Morrison, S.A. and Winston, C. (1997), ‘The fare skies: air transportation and middle America,’ The Brookings Review, vol.15, pp.42-45 (Accessed 1 January 2019) O’Connor. L. (2016) This is What It Was Like To Go To The Airport Before 9/11. Huffington Post. Available at: www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/airports-before911_us_57c85e17e4b078581f11a133? ec_carp=6565257712878582165&guccounter=1&guce_referrer_us=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ2 9vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_cs=iTj5n7oVRYgBX22aDAtWHg (Accessed 3 January 2019) Sadaqat. R (2018). Flair in the air: A380 has changed the way we fly. Khaleej Times. [online] Available at: www.khaleejtimes.com/business/aviation/a380-has-changed-the-way-we-fly (Accessed 2 January 2019) 8

Shaw. R.J. (2014) How Did We Learn to Fly Like the Birds? NASA. Available at: www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/UEET/StudentSite/historyofflight.html (Accessed 1 January 2019) Skybrary. (2016). Chicago Convention. Available at: www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Chicago_Convention (Accessed 3 January 2019) Slutsken, H. (2018). Five ways Boeing’s 747 jumbo jet changed travel. CNN Travel. Available at: edition.cnn.com/travel/article/boeing-747-jumbo-jet-travel/index.html (Accessed 2 January 2019) Smithsonian National Air and Space, (n.d.). Inventing a flying machine. Available at: airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/wright-brothers/online/fly/1903/index.cfm. (Accessed 1 January 2019) Thomas. N. (2013) Low-cost airlines have come a long way. But who will win the battle? Telegraph. Available at: www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/10454522/Low-cost-airlines-havecome-a-long-way.-But-who-will-win-the-battle.html (Accessed 1 January 2019) Unnikrishnan. M. (2015) A Law That Changed the Airline Industry Beyond Recognition. Aviation Week Network. Available at: aviationweek.com/blog/law-changed-airline-industrybeyond-recognition-1978. (Accessed 2 January 2019)

9...