Topic 1 Matter, Models, and Math PDF

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Topic 1: Matter, Models, and Math 1. Matter and the Periodic Table a. All matter is made up of elements b. Elements are the fundamental units of matter i. Made up of atoms ii. Denoting the elements - first letter only is capitalized c. Macroscopic Physical Properties - properties observed w five senses. Including shape, hardness, malleability, ductility (pressure able to withstand before being ruptured), color, texture d. Microscopic Physical Properties - what we can’t see with naked eye e. Atomic Force Microscope - how we see atoms today. Uses a probe on the element’s surface. f. Organization of periodic table i. Columns are groups ii. Rows are periods 2. Physical States and Models a. Elements i. Metals on left, nonmetals on right ii. Hydrogen in group one is exception - is a nonmetal iii. Solids vs liquids vs gasses 1. Most elements on periodic table are solids at room temp 2. Only bromine and mercury are liquids at room temp 3. Solids - Ordered a. Have a definite shape and volume. b. Particles are tightly packed into structure called a lattice c. Vibrational motion and can’t move past each other 4. Liquids a. Definite volume but take shape of container b. Particles tightly packed but can move past each other c. Exhibit vibrational, rotational, and translational (movement from one place to another) motion 5. Gas - most disordered a. Shape and volume of container b. Particles not organized and in constant linear motion c. Exhibit vibrational, rotational, and translational (movement from one place to another) motion b. Molecules i. Multiple models for visualization - ball and stick, representing a single complicated molecule as a ball 3. Math Skills - Numbers a. Exponential Notation aka Scientific Notation is a way of writing small and large numbers. i. Negative exponent for small numbers ii. Move the decimal point left, increase exponent

iii. Move the decimal point right, decrease the exponent b. Sig Figs: The LEAST number of significant figures in any number of the problem determines the number of significant figures in the answer 4. Math Skills - Quantities a. Physical Quantity comes with number and unit b. Common base units are mass, length, volume, energy, etc. We use the SI system c. Acronym for the base quantities: d. Great Mighty King Henry Died By Drinking Chunky Milk Monday Night 5.

Math Skills - Conversions a. Use proportions and solve for x b. Or use diagonal method to have starting units cancel out 6. Dalton’s Atomic Theory a. All matter was composed of atoms, indivisible and indestructible building blocks. b. All atoms of an element were identical, different elements had atoms of differing size and mass. c. All compounds were composed of combinations of these atoms in definite ratios d. Chemical reactions resulted in the rearrangement of the reacting atoms and atoms are not created or destroyed in the process...