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Lecture: In my opinion, I think segregation is nothing like it was back then, but I have been in some areas in Texas where there are still signs outside “for whites only” or “no colored allowed”. As an African American woman, it is very heartbreaking to still see some of these things in 2019 but then again it has only been about 50 years since segregation ended. I feel that certain areas in America there is some form of segregation going on, but it is not as bad as it was. Everyone is entitled to feel how they feel, it may not be right, but it is how they feel. There is just so much going on in the world that can viewed as form of segregation. For example, the battle between cops and African American communities or how the immigrants and their children are being treated. I am not sure how I feel about this question or what the correct thing would be to say without offending anyone. As an African American woman, my opinions are only based on what I have experienced and what has happened around me to my own friends and family. DQ1: America needed to get rid of all the evil that was going on in society and one of the evils was slavery. In order to put this in effect the U.S ended things like the Atlantic Slave Trade in America but then the slavers owners figured out a way around that and it was known as the internal trade. During the Second Great Awakening the Abolition Movement began to occur. The ideals and goals of the movement were to abolish slavery altogether. Many people began to see that slavery was wrong, and they wanted things to change. Some key people in this movement pushed for end of slavery and equal rights. David Walker publicly stated that emancipation and relocation were taking to long to happen. Fredrick Douglass created his own newspaper, Harriet Tubman helped slaves escape through the underground railroad. White Abolitionist also were key people, William Garrison created a newspaper as well as Harriet Beecher. The Christian faith affected people in the South because they used the bible as an excuse that slavery was right, and it is what God wanted. Not all Christians promoted abolition because there were always debates on how the emancipation should be handled. Some wanted emancipation to happen quickly and others did not. People in the North were against the idea of fast emancipation. President Lincoln has his reservations as well. He did not want to destroy the Southern economy and it would be hard to assist the freed slaves. In order to achieve both these goals President Lincoln choose to slowly introduce emancipation (“Reform Movements and Social Justice”, 2019). Reform Movements and Social Justice. (2019). HIS-144: U.S. History Themes. Phoenix, AZ: Grand Canyon University.

Critical Thinking: The civil rights movement has changed my life without a doubt. I say this because without these movements I would not have all the freedoms I have today. As an African America woman, I am able to vote, ride transportation and sit anywhere I want, the ability to have an education, I can go in any place I want. I can just be free and enjoy life just like the next person regardless of my skin color. When I visit all these museums and historic sites, I feel such pride and accomplishment knowing my people worked to achieve all this. MLK's dream came true. The movement you feel when hearing his speech is really an inspiration. I take advantage of every opportunity I am given and make the best of it. As a future educator I want my students to understand they can do anything they want to do if they put their mind to it.

DQ2: John Dewey was an educational thinker who changed the ways to approach teaching and learning. He believed in Progressive form of teaching which meant relating the curriculum to the student lives. Horace Mann was a secretary for the Board of Education and used his position to form the Common School Movement which allows every child to get basic education and it is funded by local taxes. The Northwest of Ordinance of 1787 wanted to make sure that schools and education will always be enforced and a public university in each state as part of the settlement in the Northwest Territory. The Morrill Land Grant College Act of 1862 made it possible for western states to have colleges and it was meant for agriculture and mechanic arts which really helped out the farmers for better education. Brown vs. Board of Education ruled that separate schools for African Americans and White people were unequal. Although it took a long time for the schools to become integrated it was stepping in the right direction for the education world. President Johnson’s commencement address at Howard University was very memorable for many reasons. It was a historically black university, and he expressed that there was much work needed to not only be equal under the law but equal under opportunity as well. President Johnson’s also used this speech to tell the African American community what he will do to ensure equality for them. All of these actions led to the federal government taking a stand on education movement and making it equal for everyone of all races. The ability that everyone will have access to higher education because colleges were in every state and the curriculum will be easier for students to learn. The federal government also created public schools so that everyone no matter what background the child has still had the opportunity for education.

Question 1: Homer Plessy was a man who claimed to be one-eighth black. Plessy challenged segregation on trains when he sat in the white car and yelled, he was black. He broke the 1890 Louisiana Separate Car Act law. This led to the case of Plessy vs. Ferguson in which the Supreme court ruled that segregation laws were constitutional. This case was so significant because the highest court ruled in favor of segregation to happen because even though everything was separate it was equal in their opinion. This made it possible to have separate facilities for African Americans and Whites. Question 2: Jim Crow laws were the state and local laws in the Southern states that gave the authority to operate the African Americans from the Whites. For example, places like schools, restaurants, rail cars, water fountains, and hotels were all segregated. The Jim Crow laws were designed to keep African Americans from having any type of civil and political rights. These laws were enacted because the Whites did not want anything to do with African Americans and wanted to block them from any part of the Southern public life. Question 3: During WWI the military created two combat divisions for the African Americans, but the army sent their African Americans soldiers to service units because they felt they were suitable for labor like cleaning, cooking, and serving rather than combat duty. Most of the places were in the south and these men faced racial tension even more. They were given second-rate clothing, housing, and social service (Williams, 2011). During WWII the military used the Army

General Classification Test (AGCT) as means of distributing soldiers who were fit for different services throughout the military based on their results from the test. Although everyone African Americans and Whites had to take the test, Whites were always given privileged and favored (White, 2012). There was some improvement from WW1 and WWII because the military began to realize that they are better fighting as a whole instead of two groups. They had more manpower together than separate (Brinkley, 2015). It was important for the military to be segregated during the World Wars because there was so much racial tension going on during both wars and often led to violence and riots within some of the military facilities and in outside world. Question 4: The Brown vs. Board case was brought about because Brown argued that black schools were not equal to white schools. This violated the equal protection clause in the 14th amendment. This lead to the Supreme ruling that separated educational facilities for blacks and whites were unequal and then led to the overturning of Plessy vs. Ferguson. This case was important to the Civil Rights movement because it was something that finally provided equal treatment for the African American communities and the start to end of segregation. African Americans families were now able to have the opportunity to send their children to good schools and awarded the same opportunities that the White children and families had been given. Question 5: Rosa Parks was an African American woman who worked for NAACP as a secretary and youth counselor adviser in Montgomery. After a long hard day at work Ms. Parks rode the bus home and during this time African Americans have to sit in the back of the bus and give up their seats to white people. Ms. Parks decided not to get up and give her seat to a white man who standing when the bus driver asked her to get up, she refused, and the bus driver called the cops and she was taken to jail. This action was important because it created a movement and led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott (Hampton, 1991). The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a movement that the African American community put together to boycott the city’s bus system. Since majority of the riders were African Americans the transportation service lost a lot of revenue. The bus lines white owners refused to integrate the seating but eventually the supreme court ruled that segregation on public transportation was unconstitutional. Question 6: Martin Luther King Jr. was the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and a key member of the Civil Rights movement and believed in using nonviolence and peaceful protesting. After the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the ruling of the Supreme Court the SCLC was created to challenge the Jim Crow laws directly. The group wanted to desegregate the south using a mass movement just like the Bus Boycott did. They encouraged the federal government to take over the responsibility of civil rights for the people. The SCLC's main goals were to increase the black electorate in the South and increasing political support for civil rights. The SCLC was so important because it led and helped with many movements during the Civil Rights Movement. For example, they helped sponsor the student's organization movement for the sit-in demonstrations and they helped promote 1963 civil rights march on Washington, D.C where Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech. Question 7: Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech became so popular and known directly after the March on Washington because the speech was televised on the day events on

CBS and led to them provided continuous coverage, the United States Information Agency covered the March as well for all those oversees, and once King began to speak other networks like ABC and NBC broke their programming to show the speech. This led to nearly everyone around the world watching and listening to his speech. Dr. King's speech was so important and significant because he was able to move everyone who was listening to the speech. He related to the Christians and what it meant to be an American and this was very effective. There was a new era of humanity and social justice that was now given for the world to see (Hampton, 1991). Question 8: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a legislation that banned all discrimination in public places based on color, sex, religion, and national origin. There was also the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission that was in charge of investigating violations in employment. The CRA was enforced because it was more important than anything to outlaw discrimination in the states. The CRA also had help from President Johnson who was driven and focused on passing serval laws for civil rights. Question 9: Theodore Roosevelt achieved regulations on business by creating a Bureau of Corporations to examine the conduct of businesses in America. Roosevelt was not a fan of monopolies and he wanted these big companies to contribute to society and not just keep the wealth for themselves. After doing investigations, Roosevelt prosecuted many companies for breaking the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 which the government used to break up monopolies. President William Taft busted a lot of trusts and Standard Oil Company. Although Taft did do some good, he also did some bad and in return he overturned some of Roosevelt's progressive reforms. He then broke up the U.S. Steel in fact after Roosevelt declared the U.S. Steel as a good trust. President Wilson used the government power to destroy big business and give the smaller some power to compete. He helped pass the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 which allowed banking under the federal government control and the Federal Trade Commission which was keeping business from continuing monopolies....