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Under Ground Cable Fault Distance Locator Synopsis of the Thesis to be submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY In ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING BY Y.PULLA RAO B111095 Y.JAGADEESHWAR REDDY B111178 P.RAKESH B111476 K.MANIDE...

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Power Syst em Prot ect ion from Out of range Volt age and Frequency Bernard Oloo Analysis of Underground Cable Fault Dist ance Locat or Int ernat ional Journal of Scient ific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology IJSRSET, SANJEE… A PROJECT REPORT ON RFID BASED AT T ENDENCE SYST EM USING GSM Ram Raut

Under Ground Cable Fault Distance Locator Synopsis of the Thesis to be submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY In ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING BY Y.PULLA RAO

B111095

Y.JAGADEESHWAR REDDY

B111178

P.RAKESH

B111476

K.MANIDEEP

B111718

Under the esteemed guidance of of Mr. Sudhakar Gajanaveni Assistant Professor in Dept. of ECE

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies, Basar, Nirmal, Telangana April, 2017

Electronics & Communication Engg

RGUKT-Basar

Department of Electronics & communication Engineering

Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies Basar-504107, Adilabad, Telangana.

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATES I, hereby declare that the thesis entitled “Under Ground Cable Fault Distance Locator”, carried out under the supervision of Mr. Sudhakar Gajanaveni is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics & Communication Engineering. This is a record of bonafide work carried out by me and the results embodied in this thesis have not been reproduced /copied from any source and have not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any other degree.

Y.PULLA RAO (B111095), Y.JAGADEESHWAR REDDY(B111178), P.RAKESH(B111476), K.MANIDEEP(B111718), Department of Electronics& Communication Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge & Technologies, Basar, Adilabad. Date: Place: Basar i

Electronics & Communication Engg.

RGUKT-Basar

Department of Electronics & communication Engineering

Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies Basar-504107, Adilabad, Telangana.

CERTIFICATE BY THE SUPERVISOR This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Under Ground Cable Fault Distance Locator”, being submitted by Mr. Pulla Rao Yepuri ,Mr.Jagadeeshwar reddy Y , Mr.Rakesh Pendli, Mr.Manideep Kothapelly , bearing Roll No.s B111095 B111178, B111476, B111718, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Technology in Electronics & Communication Engineering, is a record of bonafide work carried out by him. The results have been verified and satisfactory. This approval does not necessarily endorse or accept every statement made, opinion expressed or conclusion drawn as recorded in the thesis. It only signifies the acceptance of the thesis for the purpose for which it has been submitted.

Mr. Sudhakar Gajanaveni Assistant Professor in the Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engg., Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge & Technologies, Basar, Adilabad. Date: Place: Basar ii

Electronics & Communication Engg.

RGUKT-Basar

Department of Electronics & communication Engineering

Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies Basar-504107, Adilabad, Telangana.

CERTIFICATE BY THE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Under Ground Cable Fault Distance Locator”, being submitted by Mr. Pulla Rao Yepuri ,Mr.Jagadeeshwar reddy Y , Mr.Rakesh Pendli, Mr.Manideep Kothapelly , bearing Roll No.s B111095 B111178, B111476, B111718, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Technology in Electronics & Communication Engineering, is a record of bonafide work carried out by him. The results have been verified and satisfactory. This approval does not necessarily endorse or accept every statement made, opinion expressed or conclusion drawn as recorded in the thesis. It only signifies the acceptance of the thesis for the purpose for which it has been submitted.

Mr. Rajkumar Ambulgae Head of the Department, Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge & Technologies, Basar, Adilabad. Date: Place: Basar iii

Electronics & Communication Engg.

RGUKT-Basar

Department of Electronics & communication Engineering

Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies Basar-504107, Adilabad, Telangana.

CERTIFICATE OF EXAMINATION This is to certify that I have examined the thesis entitled “Under Ground Cable Fault Distance Locator” being submitted by Mr. Pulla Rao Yepuri Mr.Manideep Kothapelly ,,Mr.Jagadeeshwar reddy Y , Mr.Rakesh Pendli, bearing Roll No.s B111095 B111178, B111476, B111718, and here by accord my approval of it as a study carried out and presented in manner required for its acceptance in partial --fulfillment for the award of the post graduate degree for which it has been submitted.

This approval does not necessarily endorse or accept every statement made, opinion expressed or conclusion drawn as recorded in the thesis. It only signifies the acceptance of the thesis for the purpose for which it has been submitted.

External Examiner Name:__________________________ Designation:__________________________ Institute:__________________________

Date: Place: Basar

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I owe a deep sense of gratitude to our guide, Mr.Sudhakar Gajanaveni , Assistant Professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge and Technologies, for his constant supervision, personal interest, critical evaluation and inspiring guidance in shaping this work.

In this opportunity I would like to express my sincere gratitude to our beloved Head of the Department, Mr. Rajkumar Ambulage, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge and Technologies, for giving support to do this project.

I express thanks to the Project Review Committee members for their valuable suggestions.

Finally, I express thanks to all faculty members who have helped in successfully completing this project. Furthermore, I would like to thank my family and friends for their moral support and encouragement in completing the project.

Y.PULLA RAO(B111095), Y.JAGADEESHWAR REDDY(B111178), P.RAKESH(B111476), K.MANIDEEP(B111718).

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ABSTRACT The objective of this project is to determine the distance of underground cable fault from base station in kilometers. The underground cable system is a common practice followed in many urban areas. While a fault occurs for some reason, at that time the repairing process related to that particular cable is difficult due to not knowing the exact location of the cable fault. The proposed system is to find the exact location of the fault. The project uses the standard concept of Ohms law i.e., when a low DC voltage is applied at the feeder end through a series resistor (Cable lines), then current would vary depending upon the location of fault in the cable. In case there is a short circuit (Line to Ground), the voltage across series resistors changes accordingly, which is then fed to transistors to develop digital data which the programmed microcontroller of 8051 family would display in kilometers. The project is assembled with a set of resistors representing cable length in KM’s and fault creation is made by a set of switches at every known KM to cross check the accuracy of the same. The fault occurring at a particular distance and the respective phase is displayed on a LCD interfaced to the microcontroller. KEYWORDS -- Underground cable, fault location, fault detection, location methods, microcontroller

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Table of Contents Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................1 1.1 Introduction.......................................................................................1 1.2 Objective...........................................................................................2 1.3 Report Organization..........................................................................3 Chapter 2 BLOCK DIAGARAM.............................................................4 Chapter 3 LITERATURE SURVEY.......................................................5 3.1 Motivation..........................................................................................5 3.2 Under ground cable fault distance locator.........................................6 3.3 Proposed System...............................................................................7 3.4 Advantages.......................................................................................8 3.5 Work Flow.......................................................................................9 Chapter 4 AT89S52 MICRO CONTROLLER....................................10 4.1 8051 MicroController.......................................................................10 4.1.1 Introduction to Microcontroller................................................10 4.1.2 AT89S52 ..................................................................................11 4.1.3 Pin Configuration......................................................................12 Chapter 5 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS........................................11 5.1 Transformer......................................................................................15 5.2 Voltage Regulator............................................................................15 5.3 Rectifier...........................................................................................17 5.4 LCD.................................................................................................18

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4.4.1 LCD Interfacing........................................................................20 5.5 Relay................................................................................................21 5.6 IN4007.............................................................................................23 5.7 BC547..............................................................................................24 5.8 Resistor............................................................................................25 5.8 Filter................................................................................................26 Chapter 6 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS........................................27 6.1 Keil µ Vision...................................................................................27 6.1.1 Setting-up Keil µ Vision for 8051 µC.....................................28 6.2 Top Win Universal programmer.....................................................31 Results...... ............................................................................................ 35 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 38 Futurescope ..........................................................................................39 References ........................................................................................... 39

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List of Figures Figure 2.1: Block Diagram ........................................................................................4 Figure 3.1: Schematic Diagram .................................................................................8 Figure 3.2: Work flow....... ........................................................................................9 Figure 4.1: 8051 Micro Controller.............................................................................10 Figure 4.2: AT89S52 Pin Configuration...................................................................12 Figure 5.1: Typical Transformer...............................................................................15 Figure 5.2: Voltage Regulator Circuit.......................................................................16 Figure 5.3: Voltage Regulator...................................................................................17 Figure 5.4: Typical Rectifier.....................................................................................17 Figure 5.5: LCD........................................................................................................19 Figure 5.6: LCD Background...................................................................................19 Figure 5.7: LCD Interfacing.....................................................................................20 Figure 5.8: Relay pins(a)..........................................................................................21 Figure 5.8: Relay......................................................................................................21 Figure 5.9: Relay circuit...........................................................................................22 Figure 5.10: IN4007.................................................................................................23 Figure 5.11: BC547..................................................................................................24 Figure 5.12: Resistors...............................................................................................25 Figure 6.1: Keil Setup(a)..........................................................................................28 Figure 6.2: Keil Setup(b)..........................................................................................28 Figure 6.3: Keil Setup(c)..........................................................................................29 Figure 6.4: Keil Setup(d)..........................................................................................30 Figure 6.5: Keil Setup(e)..........................................................................................31 Figure 6.6: Top Win Setup(a)..................................................................................32 Figure 6.7: Top Win Setup(b)..................................................................................32 ix

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List of Figures Figure 6.8: Top Win Setup(c)..................................................................................33 Figure 6.9: Top Win Setup(d)..................................................................................33 Figure (a): Result....................................................................................................35 Figure (b): Result....................................................................................................36 Figure (c): Result....................................................................................................37

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List of Tables Table 4.1 : Port 3 pins of AT89S52 Micro controller................................................14

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, sometimes with real-time computing constraints. It is usually embedded as part of a complete device including hardware and mechanical parts. In contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, can do many different tasks depending on programming. Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product, or increasing the reliability and performance.Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.Physically,embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power plants. Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure. In general, "embedded system" is not an exactly defined term, as many systems have some element of programmability. For example, Hand held computers share some elements with embedded systems — such as the operating systems and microprocessors which power them — but are not truly embedded systems, because they allow different applications to be loaded and peripherals to be connected. Major applications are 1) Military and aerospace software applications. 2) Electronics applications and consumer devices.

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1.2 OBJECTIVE Till last decades cables were made to lay overhead& currently it is lay to underground cable which is superior to earlier method. Because the underground cable are not affected by any adverse weather condition such as storm,snow,heavy rainfall as well as pollution.But when any fault occur in cable,then it is difficult to locate fault.So we will move to find the exact location of fault. Now the world is become digitalized so the project is intended to detect the location of fault in digital way. The underground cable system is more common practice followed in many urban areas. While fault occurs for some reason,at that time the repairing process related to that particular cable is difficult due to not knowing the exact location of cable fault. Fault in cable is represented as: • Any defect, • Weakness or non-homogeneity that affect performance of cable . • Caused by breaking of conductor& failure of insulation Fault in cable can be classified in two groups: 1) Open circuit fault: Open circuit faults are better than short circuit fault,because when these fault occurs current flows through cable becomes zero.This type of fault is caused by break in conducting path.Such faults occur when one or more phase conductors break. 2) Short circuit fault: Further short circuit fault can be categorized in two types: a) symmetrical fault:Three-phase fault is called symmetrical fault.In this all three phases are short circuited. b) unsymmetrical fault:In this fault magnitude of current is not equal¬ displaced by 120 degree. 2

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1.3 REPORT ORGANIZATION In the first chapter i.e, Introduction, we have discussed about introduction to the project, Under Ground Cable Fault Distance Locator and gave details regarding main objective of the project. Then in the second chapter, Literature survey we discussed the 'Literature Review' that explains all the components used in detail. In the consecutive chapter i.e, in Implementation of the project, we discussed the working, flowchart and results of this project. And in the last chapter we discussed the future work and the conclusions of this project.

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CHAPTER 2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 2.1: Block diagram

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CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE SURVEY 3.1 Motivation

For mo...