UNDS - Lecture notes 7-10 PDF

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CHAPTER 6: PHYSICAL SELFPhysical selfRefers to the body which weinterface with our environmentand fellow being.3 Basic Body Types Ectomorph (Thin):  Lean and long, with difficult building muscle  Endomorph (Curvy):  Big, high body fat, oftenpear-shaped,with a high tendencyto store body fat. Mes...

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CHAPTER 6: PHYSICAL SELF Physical self Refers to the body which we

Different Schools of Thought View

interface with our environment

on the Physical Self

and fellow being.

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3 Basic Body Types

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 Ectomorph (Thin):  Lean and long, with difficult building muscle  Endomorph (Curvy):  Big, high body fat, often pear-shaped,with a high tendency

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to store body fat. 

Mesomorph (Muscular);

well-built with a high metabolism and responsive muscle cells.

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William James considered body as initial source of sensation and necessary for the origin and maintenance of personality. Sigmund Freud Construction of self and personality make the physical body the core of human experience. Wilhelm Reich All psychological processes, are part of the physical process and vice-versa. > Mind and body= one Erik Erikson Bodily organs is important in early developmental stages of a persons life. He believed that there is a constant interaction of the body, psychological process and social forces. Carl Jung Argued that the physical body and the external world can be known only as psychological experiences. Burrhus Frederic Skinner The role of the body is of primary importance. He treats human being as an unopened, but certainly not empty box

It is the tendency to interpret the world in terms of European or Anglo American values and experiences.

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Inflated self-esteem

People who holds high regards of themselves. CHAPTER 7: SEXUAL SELF WITH GENDER AND SEXUALITY 

SEXUALITY “to unite”

“the prejudicial or preferential treatment of same race people

 A central aspect of being human throughout life and encompasses

based solely on the color of the

sex, gender identities and roles,

skin”.

sexual orientation, eroticism,

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pleasure, intimacy and reproduction.

Self-esteem

Refers to the overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth.

 Sexuality is experienced and expressed in thoughts, fantasies, desires, beliefs, attitudes, values, behaviors, practices, roles and relationships.  SEX  Secare - a Latin word

3 different kinds of self-esteem 

Low self-esteem

Persons who do not value themselves and do not trust their possibilities. 

High self-esteem

A positive self-esteem, which makes the person be satisfied of themselves.

means “to divide”.  A categories (male, female) to which people are typically assigned at birth based on physical characteristics (e.g.genitals). Human Sexual Behavior Defined as any activity– solitary, between two persons, or in a group – that induces sexual arousal.

Understanding Basic of Sexual Behavior

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Men sexual behavior can occur any time, by being arouse to certain stimuli. At puberty, the testes begin to secrete androgens (male seX hormones) which produces secondary sex characteristics like growth of bodily hair and change in tone of voice. Female sexual behavior starts at puberty where the two ovaries begin to produce estrogens and progesterone (female sex hormones.)

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Transgenderism

These are people who view themselves as a third gender, they are transvestites (who wears clothes of the other gender). 

Homosexuality

Is a romantic and/or sexual attraction between members of the same sex.

Types of Sexual Behavior

Physiological Aspects of

1.SOLITARY BEHAVIOR

Sexual Excitement

 (self-stimulation) involving only one individual.  2.SOCIOSEXUAL BEHAVIOR involving more than one person. Diversity of Sexual Behavior 

Heterosexual

Is a sexual attraction and behavior directed to other sex. 

Transsexuality

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EROGENOUS ZONE

These are part of the body that particularly sensitive to touch, pressure and vibration which contributes to sexual arousal.

Phases of Sexual Response 

Arousal/Excitement Phase

These are people who believed

Is a subjective sense of sexual

they were born with the body

pleasure.

of the other gender. 

Bisexuality

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Plateau Phase

Is a brief period of time before the

Are person who can be

orgasm. It is the body’s

romantically or sexually

preparation for orgasm.

attracted to same sex

2. Calendar Method 

Orgasm Phase

Is an intense, highly pleasurable experience. 

Resolution Phase

Stage where the decrease of arousal happens. Natural and Artificial Method of Contraception 

Natural Contraception

This is a type of birth control that depend with observations on woman’s body through monitoring and recording different fertility signals during her menstrual cycle. 

Artificial Method

Is diverse method of contraception using to prevent conception of a woman.

Natural method of contraception 1. Cervical Mucus Method  woman is fertile when the cervical mucus is profuse and watery.

 It is also called as Rhythm Method. It involves avoiding coitus during the days that the woman is fertile. 3.Symptothermal Method  It is a combination of Basal Body Temperature and Cervical Mucus Method. 4. Basal Body Temperature  Done by monitoring the changes in the woman’s temperature every morning before any activity.  5. Ovulation Detection  This method uses an over the counter kit that requires the urine sample of the woman. 6.Lactation Amenorrhea Method  This is exclusive for breastfeeding woman. Method is only effective if you feed your baby at least 6 times a day -every 4 hours during the day and every 6 hours at night -- with both breasts. 7.Coitus Interruptus/Withdrawal Method  This is where the couple proceeds with coitus but the moment he ejaculates, the men withdraw before emission of spermatozoa outside of the vagina. 8. Abstinence  Done thru abstaining from Sexual intercourse.

Artificial Method of Contraception 1.Oral Contraception  Known as the “Pill”. Contains synthetic estrogen and progesterone. 2.Transdermal Patch  This patch contains both estrogen and progesterone. The woman should apply one patch every week for three weeks on the ff areas: upper outer arm, upper torso, abdomen, or buttocks. 3.Vaginal Ring  Releases a combination of estrogen and progesterone and surrounds the cervix. It remains in there for 3 weeks and will be removed on the 4th week. 4. Subdermal Implants  It is a two rod-like implants under the skin of woman during menstruation. It contains etonogestrel, desogestrel, and progestin. 5.Hormonal Injections  Contains medroxyprogesterone & a progesterone. This prevents ovulation and change in the cervical mucus. 6.Intrauterine Device  It is a small T-shaped objected in uterus thru vagina to prevent fertilization.

7. Chemical Barriers  These are used to cause death of the sperm before it can enter the cervix of a woman. These are spermicides, vaginal gels and creams, and glycerin films. 8.Diaphragm  Inhibits the entrance of into the vagina.It should not be left in a place for more than 24 hours to avoid irritation. 9.Male Condom  a rubber sheath placed in the erect penis before penetration to avoid the sperm to enter the vagina during ejaculation. 10.Female Condom  a synthetic rubber placed against the vaginal opening to prevent the sperm to enter the vagina during ejaculation. 11.Vasectomy  Is a procedure done to male through small incision made on each side of the scrotum to block the passage of sperms. 12.Tubal Ligation  Is a procedure done to female through cuttering, cauterizing, or blocking the fallopian tube to inhibit the passage of both sperm and the ovary.

II. GENDER AND SEXUALITY Interest in gender  

Shift in using “sex” and “gender” social psychologists opt to use the term gender because it encompasses the range of difference between men and women and emphasizes the social construction of maleness and femaleness (Burn, 1996)

Gender

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Sex • Biological Sex  Biologically sex prescribed characteristics that differentiate males and females in terms of reproductive organs and chromosomes.  Multidimensional Model of Sex (Crawford & Unger, 2000):

commonly defined as socially or culturally prescribed characteristics, behaviors, and interests appropriate for women and men (Howard & Hollander, 1997). Males are expected to be masculine in appearance, behavior, and personality, and females are expected to be feminine.

Sex and Gender SEX ➢ Biological ➢ Determined at birth ➢ Universal ➢ Present in either

1. Chromosomes (XY, XX)

➢ Fixed

2. Gonads (Ovaries & Testes)

➢ Male or Female

3. Gonadal hormones (Estrogens or androgens)

GENDER

4. Internal accessory organs (fallopian tubes, vas deferens)

➢ Social expectations for

5. External Genitalia (Penis, Clitoris)

males and females

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People who fall outside the male and female dichotomy are generally called intersexuals (1.7 % of the population)

➢ Social, contextual

➢ Present in both ➢ Changing ➢ Feminine or masculine

Gender Identity

 Transsexuals  people who have literally changed their sex,  They have been surgically and hormonally altered so that they appear to be a sex different from the one they were born in.  Transgender  In general, people whose gender identity or gender expression differs from what is associated with their assigned sex at birth. Gender Identity   

The personal psychological sense of being male or female. Often assumed to match one’s biological sex Subjective sense of being a man and woman

Gender Role  Social sex role or Gender role  the adherence to culturally created behaviors and attitudes deemed appropriate for females or males  Gender belief system  People’s expectations what it means to be male and female.  “Men should have big biceps”  Gender Stereotypes  Generalized beliefs about the characteristics of men and women.  “Women are emotional”  “Manloloko lahat ng lalake”

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To some country, spouses prefer that both of them share the labor in providing and nurturing their children.

Gender Role  

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Gender roles vary over time. In 1965 the Harvard Business School had never granted a degree to a woman. At the turn of the twenty- first century, 30 percent of its graduates were women. Even in the Philippines before, women were not allowed for schooling– gave birth to exclusive schools.

Transgender and Transexual Transgender ➢ Person whose gender identity or gender expression does not match their assigned birth sex. Transexual ➢ Person whose gender identity is opposite to his or her biological sex to the extent that he/she will seek surgical sex reassignment.

Sexual Orientation Gender Role 

Gender Roles vary with culture.

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Sexuality

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Fuzzy term used to refer to sexual behaviors (what you do), eroticism (what turns you on), sexual orientation (who turns you on), as well as desires to engage in sexual activity. Sexual orientation the sexual and emotional attraction to the same and/or opposite sex.

Traditional binary gender model BIOLOGICAL

MALE FEMALE

SEX

GENDER

MALE FEMALE

IDENTITY

SEXUAL ORIENTATION

WOMEN

MEN

Bakla- males who are feminine or effeminate and who cross-dress  A contraction of the words babae (female) and lalaki (male) (Tan,1995a)  Refers to male homosexual or gay man.  Tomboy- females who are masculine and who cross-dress  Refers to female homosexual or lesbian. 

Gender and sexual orientation are fused into same words/labels in Filipino culture (Ofreneo,2000)

 Which means that gender expression is used to signify sexual orientation.  Bisexual – person who is attracted to both male and female  Silahis- a male who is erotically attracted to both males and females (male bisexual)  There is no distinct term for the Filipino female bisexual CHAPTER 8: THE MATERIAL AND ECONOMICAL SELF

In the Philippines...

 WILLIAM JAMES  FATHER OF AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGY  He identified various component of the Empirical Self, one of which is what he called as the Material Self.  According to James, Man’s “Material Self” is not only consisting of his own body but also includes different things he possess from ones family and friends.  And things such as ones clothes,house, cars, gadgets and

even the amount of money he has in the bank. MATERIAL SELF INVESTMENT DIAGRAM Influenced by the “Philosophy of Dress” of Herman Lotze

JAMES IDEA OF THE MATERIAL SELF One can define themselves and at the same time defined by the people they are acquainted with thru the accumulation of objects and achievements that person acquired

Home- Is where our heart is. The earliest nest of ourselfhood

BODY

Immediate family- We see them as a replica of ourselves. What they do or become affects us. Clothes- “Anytime we bring an object into the surface of

POSSESSION (HOUSE,CAR, PHONE AND ETC.

SELF AS "ME"

our body we invest that object into the consciousness of our personal existence, taking

FRIENDS

in its contour to be our own and making it a part of the self.” Immediate family- We see them as a replica of ourselves. What they do or become affects us. Body- We strive hard to make sure our body functions well

from different endeavors and experiences in life.

FAMILY

MANIFESTATION OF THE SPIRITUAL SELF 

Person’s Will

Refers to one’s wishes, these are the things that we want to see and achieve in our lives. 

CHAPTER 9: THE SPIRITUAL SELF William James  William James’s take on the spiritual self which is inclined as the inner most workings of the person’s mind,the behavior, beliefs and even morals that involves every aspect of the human as a person.  According to James (1890) people will find more satisfaction in having been able to show of the spiritual self like their intelligence, to have their wishes be done, and to act upon their conscience than to count or show their possession, because he said that the spiritual self “is the most enduring and intimate part of the self”.

PERSON'S WILL

INTELLIGENCE AND ABILITIES

THE SPIRITUAL SELF MORALS

VALUES

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Intelligence and abilities This area that perceived strengths of a person, the things that they have confidence in doing and believe to have a certain level of mastery. Morals It is the definition of what is right and wrong, distinguish the things that are acceptable for a person, the society and at the same time the determination of the possible effects of their actions to themselves, their environment and other people. Values Is the person’s ability to distinguish what is important and what is not. With one’s values system a person may be able to prioritize what they think are the task or thing that is needed, what are the things that should be done or to be resolved immediately and what are those that they can delay without grave repercussions.

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The Practice of Religion: Belief in Supernatural Being and Power Difference between Religion and Spirituality Religion refers to beliefs and behaviors related to supernatural beings and powers.Worldview is broader than religion. Worldview refers to the collective body of ideas that members of the culture generally share concerning the ultimate shape and substance of their reality. Religion also differs from spirituality, which is a concern with the sacred in an individual manner. All cultures have religion, spirituality,a worldview and magic (Haviland, 2007).

Myth, Rituals and Supernatural Myth 

A sacred narrative that explains the fundamentals of human existence – where we and everything in our world came from, why we are here, and where we are going. Rituals

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A culturally prescribed symbolic act or procedure designed to guide members of a community in an orderly

Difference between Religion and Spirituality Religion 

Religion is an organized system of ideas about spiritual reality, or the supernatural, along with associated beliefs and ceremonial practices (Haviland, 2007)

Spirituality 

Concern with the sacred, as distinguished from material matters. In contrast to religion, spirituality is often individual rather than collective and does not require a distinctive format or traditional organization (Haviland, 2007)

way through personal and collective transitions. 

Two types: calendric and crisis. Supernatural

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The Supernatural is around you all the time, especially in non-industrialized societies

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In a lot of cultures, health, wealth, and daily things are related to supernatural.

FUNCTIONS OF RELIGION 

Cognitive function Enabling humans to explain the unexplainable phenomena.

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Emotional function Helping individuals to cope up with anxieties that often accompany illness,accidents, deaths.

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Social function Social control, conflict resolution and building group solidarity.

The Concept of “Dungan” – Spirit or Soul 

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boats and cases of illnesses (Kawada, 1996)

The “soul” or spirit of a person has two dimensions; (1) human body and (2) spiritual. Soul referred to as kaluluwa by the Tagalogs or Dungan by the Ilonggos comes from the root word duwa, two. The Dungan is not seen by the human eye, it takes on a different form.For importance, it can be in a form an insect or a small animal such as lizard.

GENERAL FEATURES OF HARANG RITUAL PURIFICATION OF THE PLACE (TUOB)  INVOCATION OF SPIRITS (PAGTAWAG)  EXPLANATION OF MOTIVATION, REQUEST AND ENTREATY (PANGAMUYO)  OFFERING COMMUNION (PAGBAYAD)  FEAST (KA-ON) 

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Rituals and Ceremonies 

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Rituals in the Philippines are quite common. Visayan fishing villages practice the offering ritual called harang. A local shaman invokes sea spirits.These are several stages of the ritual purification, invocation, entreaty and feast which cover community life such as harvest, operation of fishing

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In the Philippines, our country is know to have a culture that values the teaching of religion. Our notion of right and wrong is based on the teachings of the church or any religion that the people are following. It is imperative for one to fully understand the extent and be able to define the cohesiveness of their own beliefs to the teachings of their religion, this will enable one to be able to understand further who they are what they want to do, and what are the things they can and cannot do based on the acceptable behavior that are being taught in one’s religious orientation. Religion refers to beliefs and behaviors related to supernatural beings and powers. Worldview is broader than religion. W...