Unit 1 Notes - Unit 1; Modules 1-4; Quiz questions and answers; Exam 1 PDF

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Unit 1; Modules 1-4; Quiz questions and answers; Exam 1...

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Module 1  Intro: What is Horticulture?  Hortus: Latin for garden  Cultural: stems from latin colere – to cultivate o Horticulture: the science and art of cultivating, processing, and marketing fruits, vegetables, nuts, and ornamental plants o Applied plant science  Agronomy, Forestry, Horticulture (production intensive)  Agriculture o Related Sciences: plant pathology, entomology, plant breeding, weed science, biotechnology o Divisions  Fruit (pomology)  Tree fruits (peaches, apples, pecans)  Small fruits (raspberries, cherries, grapes)  Vegetable (olericulture)  Onions, beets, asparagus, melons, pumpkin, swiss chard  Ornamental  Arboriculture (treets)  Floriculture (flowers)  Turfgrass (seed, sod, sprigs)  Landscape  Contracts, designing, installing, maintaining o Nursery Industry  Source of trees and shrubs for landscape contractors  Bedding plants (no need to grow from seed)  Customers get a head start on growing season  Instant landscapes (e.g., use of sod)  Provides adult plants (convenience)  Burgeoning native plant nursery industry in the Intermountain West o Seed Industry  Develop or produce planting materials for growers  Seeds are certified, packaged with instructions, seed analysis data  Major role in horticultural industry  Emerging opportunities for native plant growers to produce seed for government agencies for wildland reclamation o The profession of Horticulture  Many careers available  Broad categories include:    

Production Design Maintenance Contractor

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Sales Research Education

o Public horticulture  Utah botanical center o Horticulture and Society  Diversifies food choices  Adds natural beauty  Flowers for special occasions: Christmas, Easter, Valentines  Recreation: therapy, parks, athletic fields, home  Provides jobs o Professional Ethics  Governs the conduct of an individual or group of individuals (i.e., a business) in daily life.  Treat each customer fairly and equitably  Keep abreast of emerging trends and knowledge in the industry  Comply with industry standards  Protect the health of individuals, and the environment  Not just good for individuals, but good business practice (encourages repeat business) o Prof Organizations  American Society for Horticultural Science  American Nursery and Landscape Association  American Public Gardens Association  Utah Nursery and Landscape Association  Intermountain Native Plant Growers Association  Turfgrass Producers International  Professional Landcare Network (PLANET)  National Irrigation Association  American Association of Landscape Architects o Prof Publications  American Nurseryman  Journal of Environmental Horticulture  HortTechnology  Journal of Arboriculture  American Fruit Grower  Acta Horticulturae (international)  Landscape Journal  Journal of Environmental Quality  The Public Garden o Extension Service  National Land-Grant University System  Smith-Lever Act of 1914  Cooperative extension: sending of agents into rural areas to help bring the result of agricultural research to the end users  Classifying Horticultural Plants

o Taxonomy: the science of classifying and naming plants o Carolus Linnaeus: inventor of the binomial nomenclature (two part naming system) o Plant species are names by providing a genus and a specific epithet  Ex. Picea Pungens (Blue Spruce)  Genus: Picea  Specific Epithet: Pungens o Scientific Classification  Kingdom (Plantae) – plants vs animals  Division (Coniferophyta) – seeds or no seeds o Class (Pinopsida) – how plants are carried  Order (Pinales)… Binomial Nomenclature  Family (Pinaceae) o Genus (Picea)  Species (Picea pungens) o Classification Rules  Italicize Binomial Name – Picea pungens Engelm)  Engelm. = Engelmann after the person who first names the species)  May refer to the entire genus (Picea sp.) or may abbreviate the genus name  Cultivar = cultivated variety developed by plant breeders  Picea pungens cv. Glauca or Picea punges ‘Glauca’  Botanical variety = found in nature  Acer rubrum var. (or v.) tomentosum o Plant names are “Latinized”  International Code of Botanical Nomenclature  Rules for assigning names to new plant species  Plants often named for explorers or statesmen (ex. Lewisia redivia – named for Meriwether Lewis of the Lewis & Clark expedition)  Often plant names represent a characteristic of the species (see Table 2-1 in your text)  Shepherdia rotundifolia (round leaf) (Roundleaf buffaloberry) o Why use scientific nomenclature?  Universal naming system – recognized all over the world  Minimizes confusion – common names are often localized (more than 20 different species are called “ironwood”)  Knowing the scientific name may give clues to a plant’s culture (growing requirements)  Example: all plants in the genus Picea are genetically related and may have similar growing requirements. o Other ways plants are classified  Spore-bearing (ferns) vs seed-bearing

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Seed-bearing  Gymnosperms (naked seeds – cone-bearing)  Angiosperms (enclosed seeds – flowering plants) o Monocots (one seed leaf) o Dicots (two seed leaves)  Seed leaves called cotyledons  Monocotyledon o One seed leaf o Flower parts in 3’s o Leaf veins parallel o Rarely woody o Examples: grasses (including edible grains), lilies, orchids, onions, palms, corn  Dicotlyedon o Two seed leaves o Flower parts in 4’s or 5’s o Leaf veins branching o Example: most trees and shrubs, fruits and berries, many garden vegetables, maple o Classification by Lifecycle  Annuals – complete their lifecycle in one growing season (petunia)  Biennials – require two growing seasons to flower; often sold and cultivated as annuals (foxglove)  Perennial – lives for more than two growing seasons; includes woody plants o Classification of Edible Plants  Tree fruits – apple, peach, pear  Tree nuts – pecan, hazelnut, walnut  Small fruits – raspberries, strawberries, blueberries, grapes  Vegetables – tomatoes, squash, asparagus, peppers  Herbs – rosemary, cilantro, parsley, thyme  Grains – wheat, corn, oats, barley  Usually considered agronomic crops, not horticultural o Classification of Ornamentals  Trees – ginkgo, honeylocust, oak, maple  Shrubs – juniper, potentilla, lilac, rose  Vines – ivy, clematis  Groundcovers – periwinkle, snow-in-summer, sedum, sweet woodruff  Flowers – columbine, petunia, daylily, primrose  Turfgrasses – Kentucky bluegrass, buffalograss, fescues  Houseplants – African violet, spider plant, Dracaena, coleus, cactus, maidenhair fern

 Plant Anatomy o Levels of Organization  Whole Plant  Organs  Major Plant Organs o Vegetative:  Leaves  Light capture for photosynthesis  Gas and moisture exchange with the atmosphere  Young leaves within a seed store food (called cotyledons)

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Stems    

Plant Identification o Leaf Venation and Arrangement  Compound:  Modified Leaves: Poinsettia (bracts)

Transport water and nutrients Site of flower and leaf attachment (nodes) Support structure Underground modified stems o Bulbs – onion, tulip, garlic o Tubers – potato  Monocot vs Dicot Stem o Monocot: Vascular bundles o Dicot: Phloem, Vascular Cambium, Xylem Buds (immature plant parts)  Terminal: tip of the stem  Axillary (lateral): leaf axels (bud)  Vegetative, Flower, Mixed Roots  Types

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o Taproot (Carrot), Fibrous root (Grass), Adventitious roots ( Functions o Anchor the plant o Absorb water and nutrients o Carbohydrate storage Root Tips o Root hairs absorb water and nutrients o Cell elongations pushes the root through the soil o Meristem produces new root cells Modified Roots: sweet potatoes, beets

 o Reproductive:  Flowers  Can occur singly or in clusters (inflorescence) o Named by position of the blooms (sunflower)  Contain reproductive structures  Dieocious (ginkgo) vs Monocious (alder) plants  Perfect flowers: both male (stamen) and female (pistils) reproductive parts  Fruit – function in seed distribution  Fruits are enlarged ovaries left after other flower parts drop  Fleshy o Drupe (peach) o Pome (apple) o Berry o Achene (strawberry)  Dry o Nuts o Pods (beans, peas)  Seeds   

Tissues Cells  The Cell: the basic unit of life Organelles  Major organelles and their function o Vacuole: takes up greater than 95% of the space in a well hydrated plants

o Nucleus: site of most of the genetic information for plant development and function o Plastids: contain pigments like chlorophyll (in chloroplasts) and others that give leaves, flowers, and fruits their color o Mitochondria: provide energy required for plant processes

 Review Questions 1. Plants with parallel leaf veins are called Monocotyledon 2. Plants that grow, flower, and die in one season are called annuals 3. Why is it important for a horticultural professional to know and use scientific nomenclature? 4. The cell is the basic unit of life 5. Most of the space in a plant cell is taken up by which organelle? Vacuole 6. Name one function of a leaf. a. Light capture for photosynthesis b. Gas and moisture exchange with the atmosphere c. Young leaves within a seed store food (called cotyledons) d. Plant Identification (Leaf Venation and Arrangement) 7. A beet is an example of a modified root

Module 2  Plant Physiology o Photosynthesis (occurs in chloroplasts)  Plants use light + CO2 and water to make carbohydrate (sugar)  Carbon dioxide + water+ sunlight = sugar + oxygen  Photosynthesis increased by enriching the greenhouse with carbon dioxide  Requires the green pigment chlorophyll* o Respiration (occurs in mitochondria)  How the plant uses the sugar acquired through photosynthesis  Sugar + oxygen = energy + water + carbon dioxide  Energy is required for plant growth and development  The carbon dioxide and water can be reused for photosynthesis  Excess sugar is stored until needed (roots, fruits, seeds) o Cellular Respiration  Respiration breaks down sugars from photosynthesis  Respiration occurs in dark and light  Respiration is going on constantly in every cell but occurs at a slower rate than photosynthesis o Plant Growth  Rate of photosynthesis must be higher than the rate of respiration for the plants to grow  Optimal conditions for growth – rate of photosynthesis high and respiration low  Warm days and cool nights  Photosynthetic rate 8-10 times higher than respiration rate is required for successful vegetable crop  If photosynthesis = respiration  No new growth o Transpiration  Intense sunlight -   Wind -   High temperature -   High humidity -  o Enlarged leaf structure (Transpiration cont)  Gas exchange occurs through leaf pores called stomata (stomate)  CO2 is taken up and O2 is released  Water moving out through stomata keeps leaves cool o Translocation  Water and soil nutrients are transported up through xylem tissue  Sugars (carbohydrates) are transported through ploem tissue  Girdling a stem interrupts a phloem translocation  Movement of sugars from source to sink sink can also be developing flowers, fruits, seeds

o Source to sink movement  Occurs through the phloem tissue  Primary sink = Roots – CHO storage  2nd Sink – Developing flowers, fruits, and seeds  3rd Sink are growing points called meristems o Absorption  Root hairs increase the absorptive surface of the root  Active absorption of minerals into the root  Required energy  Passive absorption of water by osmosis  Absorption can also occur through the leaves (foliar) o Osmosis – passive transport o Continuous water column  Plant Growth & Development o Stages of Plant Maturation  Germination – Start of life for many plants  Juvenility – Stage of lifecycle when plants put on root and shoot growth  Maturity – Flowering and sexual reproduction occurs during this stage  Senescence – Aging of the plant or its parts o Annuals  Annuals go through an entire lifecycle in one season  True annuals vs. frost-tender perennials  True annuals live through only one lifecycle regardless of climate  Frost-tender perennials are native in climates with warm winters – they are cultivated as annuals in cold-winter climate  Winter annuals are grown in mild-winter climates and are planted in fall for winter bloom  Biennials  Require two years to complete their lifecycle  First season growth results in a small rosette of leaves near the soil surface  Second season growth: o Stem elongation o Flowering o Seed formation  Perennials  Plants that live and flower more than two growing seasons o Trees and shrubs are woody perennials – go through a dormant phase each winter  Trees and shrubs are woody perennials – go through a dormant phase each winter

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Bulbs (ex. Tulips) – leaves yellow and die back after flowering – sugars are transported to and stored in the bulb for flowering the next growing season Perennial garden flowers – plants die back to the ground and enter a dormant phase over winter – grow back from the root crown in spring

o Monocarp  Lives many years  Flowers only once in its lifetime  Will die soon after flowering  Roots produce offshoots that can be re-planted  Tropical plant grown indoors in our climate o Germination  Most vulnerable stage of a plant’s life

o Germination Requirements  Water uptake (imbibition) causes seed to swell  Oxygen  Proper temperature: 70-80 F (21-27 C) o Traits of Juvenility  Leaf form (Ivy)  Growth form (suckers or water sprouts)  Thorns (Locust tree)  Leaf retention (in young trees)  Hedra helix (English Ivy)  Stays in juvenile stage for 10 years! o Flowering  Induction  Cool temperature – vernalization

 Night-length (long-day vs short-day plants) Initiation  Vegetative meristems change to flower meristems  Development  Pollination  Fertilization  Flowering: Photoperiod Response (Hamner and Bonner, 1920s)  12 Hr – 8 Hr No Flowering  12 Hr – 12 Hr Flowering  8 Hr – 8 Hr No Flowering  8 Hr – 12 Hr Flowering o Pollination and Fertilization  Self-pollination vs Cross-pollination  Fertilization usually required for fruit development  Exception: Parthenocarpy (produces seedless fruit)  Fertilized ovary becomes the fruit o Fruit Ripening  Change in fruit color  Softening of the fruit  Breakdown of pectic substances  Change in flavor from sour to sweet  Plant hormone ethylene is involved o Senescence = Aging  Annual plants begin senescence after flowering  Sometimes only part of a plant will senesce (leaves of bulbs after flowering)  Fall leaf color caused by senescence of chlorophyll (green) pigments allowing other pigments to show o Dormancy (survival method for plants living in extreme climates)  Slowed or interrupted plant growth  Winter dormancy in cold-winter areas  Dry-season dormancy in Southwest and on coasts  Seeds usually enter a period of dormancy after plant senescence  Breaking seed dormancy:  Cold-moist stratification  Heat scarification of seed coat  Gibberellins  Climate & Plant Growth o Climate vs. Weather  Both involve environmental factors - temperature, precipitation, humidity, light and wind  Weather: short-term variations in environmental factors 

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Climate: long-term variations in environmental factors resulting in weather patterns that characterize a region o Microclimates  The immediate environment of plants  Plants can be helped or hurt by microclimates  Play a role in  Evaporation  Transpiration  Disease incidence o Elements of Climate  Temperature  Hopkins Bioclimatic law: planting and harvesting are delayed 4 days for every 1 degree of latitude, 5 degrees of longitude, and 4 feet of altitude (Northward, Eastward, Upward)  Regulates plant growth by regulating biochemical processes.  Plant hardiness – tolerance to cold and adverse conditions o Most plants survive within 32-122 F (0-50 C) o Sensitivity to cold limits what plants can be grown in a region  Frost – most damaging at critical stages of plant development  Chilling – some plants sensitive to < 50 F (10 C)  Hardening off – gradually exposing plants to outdoor environment  Temperature Requirements o Chilling Requirement  Temperate-zone fruit trees (apples, cherries)  Bulbs (peony, tulip) o Growing Degree-Day (GDD) or ‘heat unit’  Measure of heat accumulation during a growing season  Each crop has a threshold temperature (below which no heats are accumulated – often 50 F  Can be used to measure plant development, or to predict harvest date  Heat unit = [(daily min temp + daily max temp)/2] – threshold temp (F)  Precipitation  Rain o Water is needed for all plant processes including growth o Distribution of precipitation during the growing season is just as important as the total precipitation o Water is the most limiting factor to plant growth in the West

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Snow o Protects plants from cold winter winds o Chill factor o Sublimation (conversion of frozen water directly to a gas)  Humidity  The amount of water the air can hold relative to the amount the air is capable of holding  Expressed as a percent  Low humidity increases the drying power of air  If air temperature increases but water vapor in the air stays the same – humidity decreases  Indoor plants can be sprayed with water to increase the humidity of the microclimate  Light  Duration – dependent on distance from the equator and the season  Intensity – latitude and altitude can affect light intensity o Indoor plants often limited by low light intensity  Quality – Wavelength o Plants need light in the 400-700 nm wavelength for photosynthesis  Sun-Shade Designations o Lack of light is a limiting factor to plant growth o Plants are classified by their shade-tolerance  Most plants prefer full to partial sun  Some plants tolerate or prefer full shade o Built structures can provide shade  Full sun – southern or western exposure  Part sun/part shade – eastern exposure  Full shade – northern exposure  Wind  Increases loss of water from the soil and plant leaves  Can cause physical damage (breaking branches, tattering leaves)  In winter, wind can “freeze-dry” plants damaging foliage  Factors that modify climate  Altitude  Latitude  Geographic features o Mountains o Large bodies of water  Humans o Climate and Seasons  Temperate Zone: all four seasons occur

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Subtropical Climates: rarely experience frost or soil-freezing Mediterranean Climate: cool, mild, wet winters give way to warm or hot, dry summers  Desert Climate: similar to Mediterranean, except spring is short and summers are long, hot and dry o Climate and Plant Growth: Spring  Majority of plant growth occurs in spring  Called a ‘growth flush’  Trees leaf out  Spring bulbs emerge and bloom  Bloom and fruit set in fruit trees  New shoot growth in perennial flowers and shrubs o Climate and Plant Growth: Summer  Period of Maturation  Some plants flower (e.g. tomato)  Energy accumulation from photosynthesis o Bulbs o Perennial flowers o Trees and shrubs  Some plants go dormant in the heat of summer o Desert-adapted trees or shrubs (e.g. pinyon pine) o Kentucky bluegrass if left unirrigated o Climate and Plant Growth: Fall  Transition time for perennial plants  End of life for annual plants  Perennial plants activate survival strategies for surviving the winter  Deciduous trees and shrubs drop their leaves  New growth ceases  Seeds are produced or dispersed  Annuals must disperse their seeds to ensure survival of the species  Perennials disperse seeds to increase their population o Climate and Plant Growth: Winter  Time of dormancy where the ground freezes  Water is solid, cannot enter plants  Lack of leaves  Biochemical processes slow down or cease  Evergreens are the exception  Keep their leaves (or needles)  Must water occasionally during winter, esp. if soil thaws  “Winter burn” caused by cold, dry winter winds moving over foliage (leaves or needles)  Review questions

o The process of photosynthesis requires the presence of green pigment chlorophyll. o Transpired water exits lea...