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Unit 2 Notes Test available on 10/28 Chapter 11- Personality What is personality? ● The distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling, & acting that characterize a person’s response to life situations ○ Distinctive ○ Enduring (time) Assessing Personality ● Self-Report-Inventories ○ Tests consisting of specific written statements that require individuals indicate ○ For example: by checking “true” or “false”--whether the statements do or do not apply to them ■ Also called self report questionnaires ○ MMPI & MMPI-2 ○ California Psychological Inventory ○ Limitations of Self- Report Inventories (not the best way to asses someones personality) ● Projective Tests ○ Tests in which the subject is presented with some type of ambiguous stimulus (such as a meaningless object or ambiguous photo) and then asked to make up a story about the stimulus. ○ The assumption is that the person will project conscious or unconscious feelings, needs, and motives in his or her responses ○ Rorschach inkblot test ■ http://theinkblot.com/ ○ Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) ■ http://s927.photobucket.com/user/Rotman/media/Thematic %20Apperception%20Test/TAT-13B.jpg.html ○ Limitations of Projective tests ■ The Barnum effect ● Reads a desccription of something online...“Oh that sounds just like me” but everyone feels that way as well ● http://psych.fullerton.edu/mbirnbaum/web/personalityB.htm ● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPCsCiOqmXA Is Behavior Consistent? ● Consistency Across Situations ○ Hartshorne & May (1928) ○ Mischel (1968) ■ Behavior is a function of situations not traits. ○ Epstein (1979)==>Aggregation ■ When studying the consistency of behavior across situations, we need to

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study several behaviors that represent the trait in question. For example, a single behavior would be a weak indicator of altruism.

Trait X Situation Interaction

Major Approaches to Personality ● The Trait Perspective ○ The trait approach assumes that personality is made up of stable internal characteristics (traits, factors, dimensions, etc.) which appear at varying strengths in different people & which guide their behavior. ○ Assumptions of the Trait Approach ■ Personality traits are relatively stable & predictable over time. ■ Personality traits are relatively stable across diverse situations & they can explain why people act in predictable ways in many different situations. ■ People differ with regard to how much of a particular personality trait they possess; no two people are exactly alike on all traits. ● Biological Approach ○ Phrenology ■ Assessing the bumps and divots in one’s head and that somehow relates to the makeup of their personality ○ Body Type ○ Twin Studies ○ Evolutionary personality theory ■ Looks for the origin of personality traits in the adaptive demands of our species evolutionary history ■ Asks the basic question: where did the personality traits exhibited by humans come from in the first place? ● They exist in humans because they promote physical survival & reproductive success ● Examples: big five traits ○ Extraversion & emotional stability result in people attaining positions of dominance & mate selection ○ Conscientiousness & agreeableness are important in group survival, reproduction, and the care of children ○ Openness to experience may be the basis for problem solving and creative activities ■ Gene-environment interaction ● Explains individual differences ie dominance may be the behavior pattern encourgaed by innate mechanisms in males but a male with a history of being subdued or sominated may develop a submissive personality ■ Strategic pluralism ● The idea that multiple -even contradictory- behaviors (for example, introversion & extraversion) might be adaptive in certain

environments and would therefore be maintained through natural selection

Chapter 12: Psychological Disorders and Abnormal Behaviors Defining Psychological Abnormality: ● Deviance- Social norm violation ● Distress- personal discomfort ● Dysfunction- Impairment in Adaptive Behavior being unable to control your needs and desires Concept of insanity: ● Legal Term- was the person unable to tell the difference between right and wrong at the time of the crime? Is it a legal loophole? ○ We think it is used very often but in reality it is used very little Perspectives on Mental Disorder: ● Biogenic ○ inherited or acquired brain disorders involving imbalance in neurotransmitters or damage to brain structures ● Psychodynamic ○ Unconscious conflicts over impulses such as sex and aggression originating in childhood ● Behavioral ○ Reinforcement of inappropriate behaviors and punishment or extinction of appropriate behaviors ○ Positive and negitive reinforcement, ect ● Cognitive-Behavioral ○ irrational maladaptive thinking about one’s self, life events and the world in general ■ So if someone is afraid of dogs they will change their entire way of life to avoid the dogs and avoid the internal stress when theyre faced with one ● Sociocultural perspective ○ social ills such as poverty, minority, and gender discrimination and lack of respected role for elders creates social stress Classification of Psych Disorders: ● DSM V- spells out the number, severity and duration of symptoms that define a diagnostic category

Consequences of Diagnostic Labeling: ● Rosenhan study video ○ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6bmZ8cVB4o Anxiety Disorders: Somatoform Disorders: ● A pattern of recurring, multiple and significant bodily(somatic) complaints that extend over several years. The physical symptoms (pain, vomiting, paralysis, blindness) are not under voluntary control, have no known physical causes, and are believed to be caused by psychological factors. ● Hypochondriasis (Illness Anxiety Disorder)○ A condition in which a person believes that they have a serious disease despite repeated medical findings to the contrary. ● Somatization Disorder (Somatic Symptom Disorder)○ A somatoform disorder that begins before age 30. lasts several years and is characterized by multiple symptoms -- including pain, gastrointestinal, sexual, and neurological symptoms -- that have no physical causes but are triggered by psychological problems or distress. ● Conversion Disorder○ A type of somatoform disorder characterized by unexplained and significant physical symptoms or deficits that affect voluntary motor or sensory functions and that suggest a real neurological or medical problem. ● Etiology of Somatoform Disorders ○ Psychodynamic ■ Intrapsychic conflict is converted to symptoms that disrupt physical functioning ○ Behavioral ■ Somatoform symptoms are learned & maintained by modeling and positive reinforcement Dissociative Disorders: ● Characterized by a disruption, split, or breakdown in a person’s normal integrated and functioning consciousness, memory, identity or perception. ● Multiple personality disorder (???) ● Dissociative Amnesia○ Characterized by the inability to recall important personal information or events and is usually associated with stressful or traumatic events ○ The importance or extent of the information forgotten is too great to be explained by normal forgetfulness ● Dissociative Identity Disorder ○ Formerly multiple personality disorder ○ The presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states, each with its

own pattern of perceiving, thinking about and relating to the world Different personality states may take control of the individual’s thoughts and behaviors at different times Etiology of dissociative disorders ○ Psychodynamic ○ Latrogenic ○ Faking ○

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Mood Disorders: ● Major Depressive Disorder ○ Must have at least 5 of the 9 symptoms (for an extended period of time) ■ Depressed mood ■ Loss of interest or pleasure ■ Change in sleep ■ Change in appetite/weight ■ Low energy/fatigue ■ Psychomotor agitation/slowing ■ Low self-esteem or guilt ■ Poor concentration ■ Thoughts of suicide or death ○ Etiology of depression ■ Biogenic (low serotonin levels) ■ Psychodynamic (hostility turned inward) ■ Behavioral (low levels of reinforcement) (ie poor parenting) ■ Cognitive (negative thinking) ■ Sociocultural Factors ● Bipolar Disorder ○ Symptoms: ■ Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity ■ Decreased need for sleep (eg feels rested after only 3 hours of sleep) ■ More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking ■ Flight of ideas, or subjective experience that thoughts are racing ■ Distractibility (ie attention too easily drawn to unimportant or irrelevant external stimuli) ■ Increase in goal-directed activity (either socially, at work or school, or sexually) or psychomotor agitation ■ Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high potential for painful consequences (eg engaging in unrestrained buying sprees, sexual indiscretions, or foolish business investments) ○ Etiology of Bipolar Disorder ■ Biogenic Schizophrenia: ● Symptoms- Positive (an added behavior that normal people don’t have)

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Delusions- beliefs that have no sense in reality ■ Someone bumps into u on the train, and then u believe that they’re someone from the government and they’re watching u and you start freaking out but there is no truth to that ○ Hallucinations- false sensations that have no sense in reality ○ Cognitive slippage ■ Not really understanding reality Symptoms- Negative (lacking something normal people have) ○ Flat affect- no matter what you’re talking about or doing they just have zero expressed emotion, lack of showing emotion ○ Poverty of speech ○ apathy/avolition ○ Social withdrawal Artistic Mind of a Psychotic ○ http://www.cerebromente.org.br/gallery/gall_leonardo/fig1-a.htm Causes of Schizophrenia ○ Genetic factors (twin studies, nature vs nurture, ect) ○ Brain abnormalities (prenatal care, infantile care) ○ Prenatal viral infection ○ Neurotransmitters ○ Socio cultural ○ Lower social class Relapse ○ Expressed emotion

Personality Disorders: ● Definition ○ Disorders consisting of inflexible, long standing, maladaptive personality traits that cause significantly impaired functioning in one’s personal & social life ● Types of Personality disorder ○ Paranoid Personality Disorder ○ Schizoid Personality Disorder ○ Schizotypal Personality Disorder ○ Histrionic Personality Disorder ○ Narcissitic Personality Disorder ○ Avoidant Personality Disorder ○ Dependent Personality Disorder ○ Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder ○ Borderline Personality Disorder ○ Antisocial Personality Disorder ● Antisocial Personality Disorder ○ Checkley’s checklist of characteristics: ○ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VvByEnYE1X8&feature=related ■ Superficial charm and good intelligence

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■ Shallow emotions, lack of empathy ■ Little life plan or order ■ Failure to learn from experience, lack of anxiety ■ Unreliability and lying Etiology of Antisocial Personality Disorder ■ Biogenic ● Genetics ● Underarousal ■ Biogenic/behavioral ● ANS Deficiencies I ● ANS Deficiency II ■ Behavioral ● Modeling ● Coercion Hypothesis ■ Psychodynamic ● Inadequate superego

Sexual Disorders: ● Gender Dysphoria ○ Disorder in which there is a deeply felt incongruence between anatomic sex & the sensed gender that leads to a belief that the person was born with the wrong biological sex organs ● Paraphilic Disorders ○ Atypical sexual activities that involve one of the following: ■ Nonhuman objects (soles of shoes) ■ Nonconsenting adults ■ Suffering or humiliation of oneself or one’s partner ■ Children ■ Although legal ● Sexual dysfunctions ○ Problems in experiencing sexual desire or arousal, or carrying through with sexual acts to the point of satisfaction. ○ Erectile disfunction, ect.

Review session: Chapt 11&12 - Personality and psych disorders Personality: ● Distinctive (specific to them) and enduring (last a long time) Assessing personality: ● Self-Report-Inventories ○ Tests consisting of specific written statements that require individuals indicate ○ For example: by checking “true” or “false”--whether the statements do or do not

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apply to them ○ Not the best way to assess personality, for they may not be completely honest Projective testing ○ Shows a pic of...