UNIT 3. Make the grade PDF

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1 UNIT 3: ENJOY THE SHOW Grammar: The passive/ the causative (have something done/ get something done) Gerunds and infinitives. Would rather (preferiría), prefer Vocabulary: Films/ collocations Phonetics: /ɑ:/, /ᴧ/, /æ/ THE PASSIVE VOICE 1. DEFINICIÓN: Se dice que una oración está en voz pasiva cuando el sujeto no realiza la acción sino que la sufre de alguna forma ex: John bought a car (John compró un coche) VOZ ACTIVA ex: A car was bought by John (un coche fué comprado por John) VOZ PASIVA 2. FORMA: Igual que en español, en inglés la voz pasiva se forma con el verbo “TO BE” EN EL MISMO TIEMPO DEL VERBO PRINCIPAL + EL VERBO PRINCIPAL EN PARTICIPIO PASADO ex: Paul vende la casa – La casa es vendida por Paul ex: Paul sells the house – The house is sold by Paul 3. CAMBIOS DE ACTIVA A PASIVA Para que una oración se pueda pasar a activa, tiene que ser transitiva, es decir tener objeto directo o indirecto. La transformación es la siguiente: OBJETO (activa) ----- SUJETO (pasivo) VERBO voz activa ---- VERBO voz pasiva (to be + participio) SUJETO (activa) ----- COMPLEMENTO AGENTE (precedido de “BY”) •

El complemento agente se omite cuando el sujeto es indeterminado: They , one, you, people, someone...

Ejemplos: 1. Mary wrote a book --- a book was written by Mary (un libro fué escrito por Mary) 2. I´m decorating the office – the office is being decorated 3. The police were watching her – she was being watched by the police 4. The director has paid the teachers today – the teachers have been paid by the director today (los profes han sido pagados por el director hoy) 5. You might repair the car today – the car might be repaired today 1-Rewrite these sentences in the passive voice. 1.People should send their complaints to the head office. People´s complaints……………………………………………………………………… 2.They had to postpone the meeting because of illness. The meeting……………………………………………………………………………… 3.Somebody might have stolen your car if you had left the keys in it. Your car……………………………………………………………………………………. 4. An electrical fault could have caused the fire. The fire……………………………………………………………………………………

2 5. They are going to hold next year´s congress in San Francisco. Next year´s congress…………………………………………………………………… 6. They shouldn´t have played the football match in such bad weather. The football match……………………………………………………………………… 7. My grandfather built that house in 1917. That house………………………………………………………………………………… 8.John has repaired this machine. This machine………………………………………………………………………….…… 9. Mary will clean her house tomorrow. Mary´s house……………………………………………………………………………….. 10. Peter invited Ann to the party. Ann………………………………………………………………………………………… 11.Mary is looking for her keys. Mary´s keys…………………………………………………………………………………. 12.Paul was watching TV yesterday. TV…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 13. John has been repairing his car this morning. Tom´s car……………………………………………………………………………………. 14. They don´t pay Jim very much. Jim…………………………………………………………………………………………… 15.Nobody told me that George was ill. I ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 16.Someone did the painting yesterday, not in 1550. The painting………………………………………………………………………………… 17. Someone burgled my house last night. My house……………………………………………………………………………………. 18. The judge won´t fine them more than $500. They………………………………………………………………………………………….. 19.The police are questioning the girls. The girls………………………………………………………………………………………. 20.They have arrested John for drink driving. John…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 21.Someone stole the car early yesterday morning. The car…………………………………………………………………………………………. 22.They should arrest underage smokers. Underage smokers………………………………………………………………………….. 23. People consider him a robber He……………………………………………………………………………………………… 24.Someone broke the window last night. The window…………………………………………………………………………………… 25.Someone has repaired the window now. The window………………………………………………………………………………….. 26.Someone has decorated this room. This room……………………………………………………………………………………… 27. Someone posted the letters yesterday. The letters……………………………………………………………………………………… 28. Someone has locked all the doors. All the doors………………………………………………………………………………….. 29.Someone has cut down the tree. The tree…………………………………………………………………………………………

3 PASIVAS CON DOBLE OBJETO (OD, OI) Hay dos formas de hacerlas 1. Objeto indirecto pasa a sujeto (la más usual) ex: Rose didn´t offer Ann the job Ann wasn’t offered the job by Rose 2. Objeto directo pasa a sujeto ex: Rose didn’t offer Ann the job The job wasn’t offered to Ann by Rose Nota: con los verbos “tell” y “ask”, sólo el objeto indirecto pasa a sujeto de la voz pasiva. 2-Rewrite the following sentences with two objects using the passive voice 1.They will ask you a lot of questions at the interview. You……………………………………………………………………………………………...... 2.His colleagues gave him a present when he retired. He .... ……………………………………………………………………………………………… A present………... ………………………………………………………………………………. 3.They didn´t ask me my name. I …………………………………………………………… ... …………………………………… 4.They didn´t offer Ann the job. Ann…………………………………………………………… .... ……………………………….. The job………………………………………………………… ..... …………………………….. 5. They will give me a prize if I can learn this. I................................................................................................................................ ........ . A prize…………………………………………………………………………………………… . 6.They gave Linda a prize for one of her books. Linda……………………………………………………………...... ……………………………. 7.Susan told me a lie yesterday: I..........................................................………… . ……………………………………………. 8. The teacher asked me the lesson: I…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9. Rose gave me a beautiful present: I........................................................................................................……………………… A beautiful…………………………………………….........................…………………….… 10. The man bought Rose a bucket of flowers: Rose……………………………………............................................................................. A bucket………………………………………………............…………….......................... PREGUNTAS PASIVAS Se forman lo mismo pero hay que tener en cuenta que al ser interrogativas ,el verbo “to be” precede al sujeto Ex: Mary bought a book – A book was bought by Mary (enunciativa-afirmativa) Ex: Did Mary buy a book? --- was a book bought by Mary (interrogativa- afirmativa) Ejemplos: 1. Where did John find a pencil? – where was a pencil found by John? 2. Must you buy a book? – Must a book be bought? 3. Have you found the book? – has the book been found? 4. Doesn’t Mary eat eggs? – aren’t eggs eaten by Mary?

4 3- Change these interrogative sentences into the passive voice 1. Did you break the window? Was .......................................................................................................................... ? 2. Have you bought a car? Has……………………………………………………………………………………………….? 3.Will you give Ann her car? Will……………………………………………………………… ...... …………………………..? 4. Do the police know the identity of the murderer? Is…………………………………………………………… .....………………………………..? 5. Did they catch the thief? Was……………………………………………………………………………………………..? 6. Will the king inaugurate the new bridge? Will the………………………………………………………………………………………….? 7. Why do they make cars in Korea? Why are………………………………………………………………………………………….? 8. Do the hounds kill the fox? Is………………………………………………………………………………………………….? 9. Did the bull kill the matador? Was………………………………………………………………………………………………? 10. Have the police found the body? Has……………………………………………………………………………………………….?

PASIVAS CON UNA ORACIÓN CON “THAT” COMO OBJETO A veces el objeto es toda una oración subordinada introducida por “that”. Esto ocurre con verbos como : “say; think; know; believe; report, consider....”. En este caso, hay dos formas de hacer la oración: Ex: People say that he is 108 years old -

It is said that he is 108 years old He is said to be 108 years old

EJEMPLOS: 1. People think that Henry eats ten eggs a day: - it is thought that Henry eats ten eggs a day - Henry is thought to eat ten eggs a day 2. They expect that the strike will begin tomorrow - It is expected that the strike will begin tomorrow - the strike is expected to begin tomorrow 3. People say that he stole 9 euros - It is said that he stole 9 euros - He is said to have stolen 9 euros

5 4- Rewrite these sentences as follows: - They allege that he drove through the town at 90 miles per hour He…………………………………………………………………………………………………. - People say that three men were arrested after the explosion Three men ……………………………………………………………………………………….. - Many people believe that the year 2013 will be the end of humankind The year 2013…………………………………………………………………………………… - Everybody knows that the earth is round The earth ………………………………………………………………………………………… - Doctors hope that his brain will work better His brain …………………………………………………………………………………………. - It is said that they are good students They……………………………………………………………………………………………… - It is believed that Ann has a broken leg Ann……………………………………………………………………………………………….. - It is said that they were close friends some years ago They …………………………………………………………………………………………….. - It is expected that some rain will come soon Some rain ……………………………………………………………………………………… - It is said that his parents were very poor His parents………………………………………………………………………………………. - It is remembered that in those days they studied at Oxford. In those days they ……………………………………………………………………………… - It is expected that the audience will behave well The audience……………………………………………………………………………………. GO ON WITH THE SAME TYPE OF SENTENCES 1.They say that Henry Crippen was the first murderer to be caught by radio. Henry Crippen ................................................................................................................ .. 2. In most of Europe they consider that Capital punishment is barbaric. Capital punishment.......................................................................................................... . 3.They say that Ruth Ellis was in love with the man she murdered. Ruth Ellis...................................................................................................................... ..... 4.It is claimed that each execution deters eight murders. Each execution.................................................................................................................. 5.People say that many people are homeless after the floods. It is said………………………………………………………………………………………… .. Many people are said………………………………………………………………………… ... 6.People know that the Prime Minister is in favour of the new law. It is known………………………………………………………………………………….. ....... The Prime Minister………………………………………………………………………… ....... 7.People expect that the government will lose the election. It is ………………………………………………………………………………………….. ....... The government……………………………………………………………………………. ...... 8.People think that the prisoner escaped by climbing over the wall. It is …………………………………………………………………………………….. .............. The prisoner ………………………………………………………………………………… 9.People considered that George had won the medal. It was……………………………………………………............................................……….. George…………………………………… ............................................... ………………….. 10.Some people believe that tougher prison sentences reduce crime. It is …………………………………………………………………… ..... ……………………… Tougher prison sentences are…………………………….... …………………………………

6 11.However, people also consider that prisons do more harm than good. However, it is …………………………………….................. ………………………………… However, prisons……………………… . ………………………………………………………. 12.People say English is easy to learn. English...................................................................................................... ... ..................... It is………………………………………………………………………………………………… FROM PASSIVE TO ACTIVE 5- Change these sentences into the active voice. 1.The office is cleaned every evening. They……………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. My car was stolen by a thief. A thief……………………………………………………………………………………………. . 3. Mick was being followed. Someone………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. A car will be bought by Ann. Ann………………………………………………………………………………………………. . 5. A car may be bought. He………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. A book is going to be given to Mary for her birthday They………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7. Some cheese was bought by Mary yesterday Mary………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8. An answer can be asked by the teacher The teacher………………………………………………………………………………………. 9. The kitchen has been cleaned three times today They ………………………………………………………………………… …………………… 10. A new toy was given to the child by his parents His parents…………………………………………………………………………………….. 11. The bank might have been robbed by the man in red The man in red………………………………………………………………………………….. 12.It is said that he is a millionaire. People…………………………………………………….……………………………………… 13.He is said to be a millionaire. People ……………………………………………………… ..... ……………………………….. 14. Children are said to like chocolate People say……………………………………………………………………………………….. HAVE SOMETHING DONE (pagar para que alguien te haga algo/ verse afectado por lo que alguien hace) EXAMPLES: 1- The old lady delivered the food = The old lady had the food delivered 2- I´m going to repair my car = I´m going to have my car repaired 3- You should cut your hair = You should have your hair cut estructura: S + HAVE ( en el tiempo del verbo principal salvo si el verbo está en pasiva. En ese caso sustituimos el auxiliar “be” por “have” en el tiempo correspondiente) + objeto+ participio. Si hay algún auxiliar antes del verbo principal, se mantiene como en el caso de la pasiva

7 6. Rewrite these sentences using the correct form of “have something done” 1. Someone will cut your hair You…………………………………………………………………….. ................................... 2. Someone has built a new house for Candy Candy…………………………………………………………………… ................................. 3. Someone should redecorate your house You……………………………………………………………………… .................................. 4. Someone must develop this film for me I………………………………………………………………………….................................... 5. Someone can repair your shoes in an hour You……………………………………………………………………….. ................................ 6. George´s nose was broken in a fight George…………………………………………………………………….. .............................. 7. John´s money was stolen on a train John………………………………………………………………………… ............................. 8. Fred´s hat was blown off in the wind Fred………………………………………………………………………… ............................. 9. George´s papers were taken from him at the police station George………………………………………………………………………. ........................... 10. The message was repeated again and again for the director The director…………………………………………………………………… ......................... 11. The loudspeaker was switched on for the director The director…………………………………………………………………. ........................... 12. My car is being repaired this afternoon I………………………………………………………………………………............................. 13. Their house is being decorated at the moment They…………………………………………………………………………….. ....................... 14. My hair was cut yesterday I………………………………………………………… ........................ ………………………. 7. HAVE SOMETHING DONE 1. The neighbour repaired my car I ………………………………………………………………………………………… ............. 2. The hairdresser has cut John´s hair John…………………………………………………………………………………….. ............. 3. Rose will paint Mary´s room Mary……………………………………………………………………………………............... 4. Peter cleans my house every day I …………………………………………………………………………………………. ............ 5. Mary is cleaning your car now You………………………………………………………………………………………............. 6. My neighbour has decorated our house We………………………………………………………………………………………… .......... 7. The teacher was doing your homework You………………………………………………………………………………………............. 8. The doctor took my appendix out I …………………………………………………………………………………………. ............ 9. Sara is going to clean Clara´s kitchen Clara……………………………………………………………………………… .......... ……… 10. They had repaired Victor´s new car Victor……………………………………………………................ …………………………….

8 INFINITVES HAD BETTER + INFINITIVO SIN “TO” (Sería mejor que) Es equivalente a SHOULD. También podemos expresar consejo con la segunda condicional: Ex: If I were you, I would see a doctor. Ex: You should see a doctor = you´d better see a doctor You shouldn’t go out in the rain = You´d better not go out in the rain

1. He should rest a while He...................................................................................................................................... 2. They ought to look for their money here They................................................................................................................................... 3. Jim shouldn´t smoke Jim.................................................................................................................................. 4. You were planning to go out but it´s too cold I´d…………………………………………………………………………................................ 5. Mary has been out in the sun. She looks terrible. She needs a drink of water. You tell her: “You………………………………………………………………………………….................” 6. Your friend has no insurance to drive your car. He wants to take your car anyway. You tell him: “You………………………………………………………………………................................” 7. If I were you, I would phone her You………………………………………………………………………………………………. I´D RATHER / I WOULD RATHER (PREFERIRÍA)/ I´D SOONER

1.MISMO SUJETO I´d rather + verbo en infinitivo sin to Ex: I´d rather go by train (preferiría ir en tren) I´d rather not go by train (preferiría no ir en tren) Si queremos indicar las dos preferencias:

I´d rather go by train than walk (prefiero ir en tren a ir andando) 2. DISTINTO SUJETO sujeto1 + would rather + sujeto 2 + verbo en pasado Ex: I´d rather you came early (preferiría que vinieras temprano) I´d rather you didn’t come late (preferiría que no vinieras tarde) 3. PREFERENCIAS EN PASADO sujeto 1 + would rather + sujeto 2 + participio pasado Ex: I´d rather you had come earlier (preferiría que hubieses venido antes) I´d rather you hadn’t sent the letter (preferiría que no hubieses enviado la carta)

1. Your fiancé (prometido) bought you a diamond ring. It was far too expensive. You tell him: I´d rather………………………………......................................………………………….. 2. Your friend wants to borrow your best sweater. You don’t want her to. You tell her: I´d rather……………………………………………………..………………………………. 3. You were planning to play tennis but it´s raining I´d rather…………………………………………………….………………………………

9 4.They would prefer you to come in the afternoon They would rather........................................................................................................ 5. I would prefer to go to school by bus I´d rather...................................................................................................................... 6. I prefer playing basketball to tennis I´d rather...................................................................................................................... 7. Both Jill and Tom have invited you to their parties on Saturday night. You want to go to Jill´s party. I´d ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8. You are planning a big party but don’t want to have it at your house. I´d ……………………………………………………………………….................................. 9. Your parents want to buy you some clothes for your birthday. You prefer receiving some CDs. I´d ……………………………………………………………………..............................…… 10. Your sister borrowed your clothes without asking you. You are angry at her I´d ……………………………………………………………………..................................... PREFER + V-ing = I prefer going to the beach (prefiero ir a la playa) PREFER + V-ing ..........to ........V-ing/ PREFER + V-ing.......RATHER THAN....V-ing I prefer going to the beach to staying home / I prefer going to the beach rather than staying home WOULD PREFER + “to infinitive” I would prefer to go to the beach

1. I´d rather go by train than take the bus I prefer............................................................................................................................