Unit 4 cornell notes PDF

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Civil Liberties and Civil Rights ➔ Incorporation Cases ◆ Freedom of Speech ● Gitlow v. New York in 1925 ◆ Expanded coverage of the Due Process (Fourteenth Amendment) ● Pierce v. Society of Sisters in 1925 ◆ Freedom of the press ● Near v. Minnesota in 1931 ◆ Right to a lawyer ● Powell v. Alabama in 1932 ◆ Freedom of assembly ● De Jonge v. Oregon in 1937 ◆ Freedom of religion ● Cantwell v. Connecticut in 1940 ◆ Search and seizure ● Wolf v. Colorado in 1949 ➔ Privacy Cases ◆ Griswold v. Connecticut in 1965 - The court ruled a Connecticut law that prohibited the use of contraceptives unconstitutional ◆ Roe v. Wade in 1973 - The court ruled that abortions are constitutionally protected in the first and second trimesters but allowed the states to ban abortion during the third trimester unless any life was endangered ◆ Board of Education of Independent School District No. 92 of Pottawatomie vs. Earls in 2008 - The Court said that mandatory drug testing by public schools are constitutional ➔ Civil Right Issues ◆ After Brown v. Board the Fourteenth Amendment due process was promoted ◆ The criteria they used were threefold: ● Reasonable classification, the distinctions drawn between persons and groups. ● The rational basis test, if the legislative intent of a law is reasonable and legitimate and serves the public good. ● The strict scrutiny test, which places the burden on the states to prove that laws that discriminate fulfill a “compelling governmental interest.” ➔ Court Cases ◆ Plessy vs. Ferguson ● Allowed “separate but equal” establishments ◆ Brown vs. Board of Education I

● Found that race-based segregation violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and integrated schools ◆ Brown vs. Board of Education II ● Following the Brown I decision, the Supreme Court directed all segregated schools to integrate “with all deliberate speed.” ◆ Gratz vs. Bollinger; Grutter vs. Bollinger (2004): ● Ruled that U of M’s admission practice was unconstitutional because it relied too much on a quota system for race ➔ Social Movements and Civil Rights: ◆ The Age of Feminism ◆ Women’s Rights ◆ LGBTQ Community ◆ Don’t Ask; Don’t Tell ◆ Same-Sex Marriage ◆ Other Groups ◆ Senior Citizens ◆ Americans with Disabilities ◆ Native Americans American Political Ideologies and Beliefs ➔ The Development of the Federal Budget ◆ In Article I, Section 8, Clause 1, the Congress is given the power to: ● tax ● manage debts ● provide for common defense and general welfare ◆ Article I gives the House of Representatives the power to: ● initiate the process of passing appropriations ◆ Article I Section 9 prohibits the right of the government to impose export taxes ◆ Because of the 16th amendment the income tax is the only direct tax levied. ◆ Any indirect taxes must be uniform ● ex: gasoline, tobacco, and liquor ◆ McCulloch vs. Maryland said that states could not tax the federal government ◆ Article I gives Congress the power to borrow money/take out loans ◆ Congress can appropriate only money that is budgeted ◆ Departments that report economic statistics ● the Department of Labor ● the Congressional Budget Office ● the Executive Office of the Council of Economic Advisers ◆ Econ. statistics that are reported: ● Unemployment rate

● Consumer Price Index ● Gross National Product ● Gross Domestic Product ➔ Open-Market operations ● Buying and selling of government securities (bonds) ○ these affect the money supply and cost of money. ◆ Reserve requirements: ● Establishing the legal limitations on money reserves that banks must keep against the amount of money they have deposited in Federal Reserve Banks (which earn the banks interest). ◆ These limits affect the ability of banks to loan money to consumers ◆ This is because actions in this area can change the availability of money ◆ Discount rates - determining the rate that banks can borrow money from the Federal Reserve System ● if rates are raised interest rates for consumers also rise ● used to keep inflation in check. ➔ The Federal Budget: ◆ budget approval process include: ● The president ● Executive staff and agencies ● Special-interest groups ● The media ● The public ◆ Money comes from: ● Federal income taxes ● Social Security and payroll taxes ● Corporate taxes ● Excise taxes on such as liquor, gasoline, and luxury items ● Customs and duties collected and other sources ◆ Money is expended for: ● Entitlements (Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid) ● National Defense ● Interest on the debt ● Other mandatory ● Discretionary spending ➔ Deficit Spending: ◆ The gov. Can borrow from... ● Trust funds such as Social Security

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Foreign investors Banks Lower governments Individuals who own saving bonds Money market funds in the form of treasury bonds Insurance companies Corporations...